Birds directive Art. 12 reporting in year 2018
Ciconia ciconia | W Europe & North-west Africa/Sub-Saharan Africa
Ciconia ciconia | Central & Eastern Europe/Sub-Saharan Africa
Anser brachyrhynchus | Svalbard/North-west Europe
Anser brachyrhynchus | East Greenland & Iceland/UK
Branta leucopsis | East Greenland/Scotland & Ireland
Branta leucopsis | Svalbard/South-west Scotland
Branta leucopsis | Russia/Germany & Netherlands
Branta leucopsis | non-native populations
Falco peregrinus | [including pelegrinoides]
Phasianus colchicus | non-native populations
Calidris alpina | all non-breeding populations
Limosa limosa | all non-breeding populations
Motacilla flava | [excluding tschutschensis]
Oenanthe oenanthe | [excluding seebohmi]
Sylvia cantillans | [excluding subalpina]
Lanius excubitor | [excluding meridionalis, but including koenigi]
Chloris chloris | non-native populations
Carduelis carduelis | non-native populations
Tadorna ferruginea | non-native populations
Alectoris chukar | non-native populations
Calidris alpina schinzii | Britain & Ireland/SW Europe & NW Africa
Calidris alpina schinzii | Baltic/SW Europe & NW Africa
Acanthis flammea | [including cabaret and exilipes]
Cyanistes caeruleus s. str. | sensu stricto [excluding teneriffae]
Cyanistes teneriffae | [including degener, hedwigii, ombriosus, palmensis and ultramarinus]
Fringilla teydea s. str. | sensu stricto [excluding polatzeki]
Iduna pallida s. str. | sensu stricto [excluding opaca]
Lanius meridionalis | [excluding koenigi]
Phylloscopus bonelli s. str. | sensu stricto [excluding orientalis]
Sylvia sarda s. str. | sensu stricto [excluding balearica]
Sylvia hortensis s. str. | sensu stricto [excluding crassirostris]
Phylloscopus collybita s. str. | sensu stricto [excluding canariensis, ibericus and tristis]
Phylloscopus trochiloides s. str. | sensu stricto [excluding nitidus and plumbeitarsus]
Limosa limosa limosa | Western Europe/NW & West Africa
Limosa limosa limosa | Eastern Europe/Central & Eastern Africa
Passer domesticus s. str. | sensu stricto [excluding italiae]
Passer domesticus s. str. | sensu stricto [excluding italiae], non-native populations
Carduelis citrinella s. str. | sensu stricto [excluding corsicana]
Branta bernicla hrota | Canada & Greenland/Ireland
Branta bernicla hrota | Svalbard/Denmark & UK
Calonectris diomedea s. str. | sensu stricto [excluding borealis]
Picus viridis s. str. | sensu stricto [excluding sharpei]
Puffinus lherminieri | [including baroli]
Melanitta nigra s. str. | sensu stricto [excluding americana]
CDR QaQc Birds Directive Article 12 Reporting
Please check the look up table lu_bird_species.
The combination species code/EURING code should exist in the look up table lu_bird_species.
The combination species code/scientific name should exist in the look up table lu_bird_species.
The combination species code/ subspecific population should exist in the the look up table lu_bird_species.
The combination species code/ subspecific population should exist in the look up table lu_bird_species.
Please check the vocabulary seasonArt12.
Information on Season is expected for all reports.
Year1 should be lower or equal than year2.
Please check the vocabulary populationUnits.
The reported population unit differs with the recommended unit in the checklist on the reference portal.
The reported population unit differs with the recommended unit in the reported checklist.
Population size unit (2.2a) cannot be empty when Population size (2.2b,c,d) is provided.
Population size unit should be provided.
Numeric field, only integers greater or equal 0 are permitted.
2.2c Population size - max should be greater or equal min.
Population size should be provided as interval (2.2b,c) and/or best single value (2.2d). When only a minimum (or maximum) estimate of population size is available (e.g. through expert opinion) this should be entered in the 'Best single value' field and NOT the '(b) Minimum' or '(c) Maximum' fields.
Please check the vocabulary typeEstimate.
Type of estimate was provided although there is no entry for population size (2.2b,c,d). Check coherence between these two fields. If both interval (2.2b 'Minimum' and 2.2c 'Maximum') and a best single value (2.2d 'Best single value') are provided, field 2.3 'Type of estimate' should correspond to the more accurate estimate. This should be noted in 2.7 'Additional information'.
The type of estimate for population size should be provided.
Please check the vocabulary methodsUsed.
2.3 Type of estimate should be empty when Population size Method used is 'AbsentData - Insufficient or no data available'. When the method is assessed as 'AbsentData - Insufficient or no data available', the type of estimate used for the population size cannot be defined. If you want to report an estimate based on a method using limited data, please select 'estimateExpert - Based mainly on expert opinion with very limited data' for the method used.
The method should be provided. In case the information to be reported in this section is not available use 'AbsentData - Insufficient or no data available'.
Please check the vocabulary reasonChange.
If 'noChange' is selected, there is no need to explain the nature of change.
Only one main reason is expected and should be part of the reported reasons.
Indicate if there is any change since the previous reporting period (2008 - 2012) in the population size reported. Report 'noChange' if the answer to the question: 'Is there a change between reporting periods?' is 'No'. Provide the nature of that change (more than one option can be chosen) if the answer is 'Yes'.
Trend should be provided. In case the information to be reported in this section is not available use 'Unk - unknown'.
Numeric field, only decimals are permitted.
3.1.3b Short-term trend Magnitude - max should be greater or equal min.
Short term trend magnitude should be provided as interval (3.1.3a, b) and/or single value (3.1.3c). When only a minimum (or maximum) value of magnitude is known (e.g. through expert opinion) this should be entered in the 'Best single value' field and NOT the '(a) Minimum' or '(b) Maximum' fields.
Inconsistent values provided in fields 3.1.2 Short-term trend Direction and 3.1.4 Short-term trend Method used. When the method is assessed as 'AbsentData - Insufficient or no data available', the trend cannot be defined. If you want to report a trend as stable, increasing or decreasing based on a method using limited data, please select'?estimateExpert - Based mainly on expert opinion with very limited data' for the method used.
3.2.3b Long-term trend Magnitude - max should be greater or equal min.
Long term trend magnitude should be provided as interval (3.2.3a, b) and/or single value (3.2.3c). When only a minimum (or maximum) value of magnitude is known (e.g. through expert opinion) this should be entered in the 'Best single value' field and NOT the '(a) Minimum' or '(b) Maximum' fields.
Inconsistent values provided in fields 3.2.2 Long-term trend Direction and 3.2.4 Long-term trend Method used. When the method is assessed as 'AbsentData - Insufficient or no data available', the trend cannot be defined. If you want to report a trend as stable, increasing or decreasing based on a method using limited data, please select'?estimateExpert - Based mainly on expert opinion with very limited data' for the method used.
Indicate whether information on species distribution is sensitive.
Numeric field, only decimals greater or equal 0 is permitted.
Breeding distribution surface area should be provided.
Method should be provided. In case the information to be reported in this section is not available use 'AbsentData - Insufficient or no data available'.
5.1.3b Short-term trend Magnitude - max should be greater or equal min.
Short term trend magnitude should be provided as interval (5.1.3a, b) and/or single value (5.1.3c). When only a minimum (or maximum) value of magnitude is known (e.g. through expert opinion) this should be entered in the 'Best single value' field and NOT the '(a) Minimum' or '(b) Maximum' fields.
Inconsistent values provided in fields 5.1.2 Short-term trend Direction and 5.1.4 Short-term trend Method used. When the method is assessed as 'AbsentData - Insufficient or no data available', the trend cannot be defined. If you want to report a trend as stable, increasing or decreasing based on a method using limited data, please select'?estimateExpert - Based mainly on expert opinion with very limited data' for the method used.
5.2.3b Long-term trend Magnitude - max should be greater or equal min.
Long term trend magnitude should be provided as interval (5.2.3a, b) and/or single value (5.2.3c). When only a minimum (or maximum) value of magnitude is known (e.g. through expert opinion) this should be entered in the 'Best single value' field and NOT the '(a) Minimum' or '(b) Maximum' fields.
Inconsistent values provided in fields 5.2.2 Long-term trend Direction and 5.2.4 Long-term trend Method used. When the method is assessed as 'AbsentData - Insufficient or no data available', the trend cannot be defined. If you want to report a trend as stable, increasing or decreasing based on a method using limited data, please select'?estimateExpert - Based mainly on expert opinion with very limited data' for the method used.
Please check the vocabulary typeOfPlan .
The reported type of international plan differs with the one specified in the look up table linkage_species_plans.
Information on Type of international plan is expected for all reports. In case there is no international plan ue 'NA - No plan'.
Indicate whether a national plan linked to the international one has been adopted.
Description of measures or initiatives is not expected if a national plan linked to the international one has been adopted (6.2 is 'Yes').
Description of measures or initiatives is expected if a national plan linked to the international one has not been adopted (6.2 is 'No').
Please check the vocabulary effectivenessSAPs.
Please check the vocabulary effectivenessMPs.
More entries than permitted. Maximum of 10 pressures per report.
More entries than permitted. Maximum of 10 threats per report.
More entries than permitted. Maximum of 5 pressures with 'H - High importance' per report.
More entries than permitted. Maximum of 5 threats with 'H - High importance' per report.
Code 'Xu - Unknown pressure', 'Xp - No information on pressures ' or 'Xxp - No pressures ' should be reported as a pressure, not as a threat.
Code 'Xt - No information on threats' or 'Xxt - No threats ' should be reported as a threat, not as a pressure.
Code 'Xt - No information on threats' used but other threats listed.
Code 'Xp - No information on pressures' used but other pressures listed.
The list of pressures and/or threats should be provided. Report 'Xp - No information on pressures' and/or 'Xt - No information on threats' for missing information.
The list of threats should be provided. Report 'Xt - No information on threats' for missing information.
The list of pressures should be provided. Report 'Xp - No information on pressures' for missing information.
Ranking is provided although no code indicated for pressure and/or threat.
This field cannot be empty unless the reported code is 'Xp', 'Xt', 'Xu', 'Xxp' or 'Xxt'.
Please check the vocabulary pressuresThreatsLocation .
Location is provided although no code indicated for pressure and/or threat.
This field cannot be empty unless the reported code is 'Xp', 'Xt', 'Xu', 'Xxp' or 'Xxt'. Report 'unk - unknown' if needed.
Code should be 'p' = pressure or 't' = threat.
Type of pressure/threat is provided although no code indicated for pressure and/or threat.
The type of pressure or threats should be systematically provided. Code should be 'p' = pressure or 't' = threat.
Indicate whether measures are needed or not.
Status of measures is not expected if no measures are needed.
Please check the vocabulary measuresIdentified.
Status of measures should be provided if measures are needed.
The main purpose of measures taken is not expected if no measures are identified and taken.
Please check the vocabulary measuresPurposeBirds.
The main purpose of measures taken is expected if measures are identified and taken.
Location of measures is not expected if no measures identified and taken.
Please check the vocabulary measuresLocation.
The location of the measures is expected if measures are identified and taken.
Time frame of response to measures is not expected if no measures are identified and taken.
Please check the vocabulary measuresResponse.
The time frame of the response to measures should be provided if measures are identified and taken.
More entries than permitted. Maximum of 10 measures per biogeographical assessment.
The list of measures should be provided if measures are identified and taken.
The reported population size unit within Natura 2000 network differs with the reporting unit used in 2.2.
Population size unit within Natura 2000 network (9.1a) cannot be empty when Population size within within Natura 2000 network (9.1b,c,d) is provided.
Population size unit within Natura 2000 network should be provided.
9.1c Population size within Natura 2000 network - max should be greater or equal min.
Population size within Natura 2000 network should be provided as interval (9.1b, c) and/or best single value (9.1d) for annex I species and non-annex I species triggering SPA classification. When only a minimum (or maximum) estimation of population size is available (e.g. through expert opinion) this should be entered in the 'Best single value' field and NOT the '(b) Minimum' or '(c) Maximum' fields.
Incoherent information provided. Type of estimate was provided although there is no entry for population size within Natura 2000 network (9.1b,c,d). Check coherence between these two fields. If both interval (9.1b 'Minimum' and 9.1c 'Maximum') and a best single value (9.1d 'Best single value') are provided, field 9.2 'Type of estimate' should correspond to the more accurate estimate. This should be noted in 9.6 'Additional information'.
The type of estimate for the population size within Natura 2000 network should be provided.
9.2 Type of estimate should be empty when Population size inside the network Method used is 'AbsentData - Insufficient or no data available'. When the method is assessed as 'AbsentData - Insufficient or no data available', the type of estimate used for the population size cannot be defined. If you want to report an estimate based on a method using limited data, please select 'estimateExpert - Based mainly on expert opinion with very limited data' for the method used.
The Trend should be provided. In case the information to be reported in this section is not available use 'Unk - unknown'.
Inconsistent values provided in fields 9.4 Short-term trend Direction and 9.5 Short-term trend Method used. When the method is assessed as 'AbsentData - Insufficient or no data available', the trend cannot be defined. If you want to report a trend as stable, increasing or decreasing based on a method using limited data, please select'?estimateExpert - Based mainly on expert opinion with very limited data' for the method used.
This section is to report on Annex II species only.
Indicate whether this Annex II species is nationally hunted. Report 'No' if the answer to the question: 'Is the species nationally hunted' is 'No'.
The reported unit for hunting bag differs with the recommended unit 'i - number of individuals' defined in the reporting format.
Population unit for hunting bag should be provided.
Min/max value should be provided systematically for all seasons.
Min/max value should be provided systematically for all seasons. Report '0' if no hunting bag or there was a temporary ban.
Only min/max or unknown value is expected for 10.2b1 Statistics/quantity per hunting season or year over the reporting period 'Season/year1'.
Statistics/quantity per hunting season or year over the reporting period 'Season/year1' should be provided (10.2b1min, 10.2b1max, 10.2b1x).
Numeric field, only decimals greater or equal 0 are permitted.
10.2b1max Statistics/quantity on season/year 1- max should be greater or equal min.
This field cannot be empty. Code should be 'Yes' or 'No'.
Only min/max or unknown value is expected for 10.2b2 Statistics/quantity per hunting season or year over the reporting period 'Season/year2'.
Statistics/quantity per hunting season or year over the reporting period 'Season/year2' should be provided (10.2b2min, 10.2b2max, 10.2b2x).
10.2b2max Statistics/quantity on season/year 2- max should be greater or equal min.
Only min/max or unknown value is expected for 10.2b3 Statistics/quantity per hunting season or year over the reporting period 'Season/year3'.
Statistics/quantity per hunting season or year over the reporting period 'Season/year3' should be provided (10.2b3min, 10.2b3max, 10.2b3x).
10.2b3max Statistics/quantity on season/year 3 - max should be greater or equal min.
Only min/max or unknown value is expected for 10.2b4 Statistics/quantity per hunting season or year over the reporting period 'Season/year4'.
M Statistics/quantity per hunting season or year over the reporting period 'Season/year4' should be provided (10.2b4min, 10.2b4max, 10.2b4x).
10.2b4max Statistics/quantity on season/year 4 - max should be greater or equal min.
Only min/max or unknown value is expected for 10.2b5 Statistics/quantity per hunting season or year over the reporting period 'Season/year5'.
Statistics/quantity per hunting season or year over the reporting period 'Season/year5' should be provided (10.2b5min, 10.2b5max, 10.2b5x).
10.2b5max Statistics/quantity on season/year 5 - max should be greater or equal min.
Only min/max or unknown value is expected for 10.2b6 Statistics/quantity per hunting season or year over the reporting period 'Season/year6'.
Statistics/quantity per hunting season or year over the reporting period 'Season/year6' should be provided (10.2b6min, 10.2b6max, 10.2b6x).
10.2b6max Statistics/quantity on season/year 6 - max should be greater or equal min.
This section is to report on the species' national status in relation to objectives outlined in the SAPs/BMSs.
Information on the species' national status in relation to objectives outlined in the SAPs/BMSs should be provided.
This section is to report on the status of huntable species in non-Secure status, in relation to objectives outlined in the MPs.
Information on the status of huntable species in non-Secure status, in relation to objectives outlined in the MPs should be provided.
Indicate whether information related to international plans is provided for the other season.
Indicate whether information related to Annex II species is provided for the other season.
The best single value (2.2d) should not be less than the minimum (2.2b) or higher than the maximum (2.2c).
The best single value (9.1d) should not be less than the minimum (9.1b) or higher than the maximum (9.1c).
The trend direction is reported as 'D - decreasing'. At least one of the min, max or best single value should be negative.
Information on main achievements under the Birds Directive during the reporting period is expected.
Information related to the Birds Directive is expected.
General information on the network of SPAs is expected.
General information on monitoring is expected.
General information on species protection is expected.
General information on transposition of the Directive is expected.
The number of marine SPAs cannot be higher than the total number of SPAs.
The total number of SPAs should be provided.
The surface area of terrestrial SPAs cannot be higher than the surface area of all SPAs.
The surface area of marine SPAs cannot be higher than the surface area of all SPAs.
The surface area of terrestrial SPAs plus the surface area of marine SPAs together should give the surface area of all SPAs.
The surface area of all SPAs should be provided.
The surface area of terrestrial SPAs should be provided.
The total number of marine SPAs should be provided.
The surface area of marine SPAs should be provided.
The date of the last database delivered during the reporting period (2013 - 2018) is expected. Supply this information in the [DD]-MM-YYYY format.
The total number of SPAs for which necessary conservation measures have been established should be provided.
The proportion of the network area for which necessary conservation measures have been established should be between 0 and 100 %.
The proportion of the network area for which necessary conservation measures have been established should be provided.
The total number of SPAs for which a comprehensive management plan or a similar instrument is in place should be provided.
The proportion of the network area for which a comprehensive management plan or a similar instrument is in place should be between 0 and 100 %.
The proportion of the network area for which a comprehensive management plan or a similar instrument is in place should be provided.
The site code should contain 9 characters (letters and numbers).
The site name should be provided in addition to the sitecode.
The title of project/plan should be provided.
The year when Commission was informed about compensatory measures should be provided.
The year when project/plan was started to be implemented should be provided.
The year of publication should be provided.
Web-link and/or bibliographic reference should be provided.
Main contents of legal decision for introduction should be provided.
The date of consultation with the Commission should be provided.
Code for Member States and for sub-national regions
Assessment of the effectiveness of MPs for huntable species in non-Secure status (Articles 3 and 7, Management Plans)
Assessment of the effectiveness of SAPs for globally threatened species (Art. 12, Species Action Plans)
further deteriorating away from the plan’s aim/objective(s)
moving towards the plan's aim/objective(s)
Prevent conversion of natural and semi-natural habitats, and habitats of species into agricultural land
Preventing the conversion of natural and semi-natural habitats, and habitats of species targeted by the nature directives, into agricultural land for production (arable or pasture) or into more intensively farmed land. Includes, for example, the conversion of grasslands or wetlands into arable land.
Restore small landscape features on agricultural land
The restoration of small landscape features present on agricultural land that are important to wild fauna and flora for migration, dispersal, genetic exchange or as breeding/feeding habitats. Such features can be hedges, stone walls, ponds, small woods, ecotone zones, edges around fields, ditches, natural pathways.
Maintain existing extensive agricultural practices and agricultural landscape features
Maintaining extensive agricultural management practices such as extensive grazing/mowing or traditional burning, and protecting small landscape features or elements (e.g. ecotone zones, hedges, stone walls, ponds small woods, edges around fields, ditches, ground paths). This also includes 'wildlife-friendly' management of hedges.
Reinstate appropriate agricultural practices to address abandonment, including mowing, grazing, burning or equivalent measures
Reinstating agricultural practices to stop or slow down natural succession caused by the abandonment of agricultural land and/or insufficient land use. These practices can be of an agricultural nature, such as the re-introduction of grazing, or a substitute of those (e.g. use machinery to keep open habitats). This can also include conservation grazing (i.e. ecological management using agricultural practices such as grazing by domestic animals � goats, sheep, cattle, horses � without a farming purpose).
Adapt mowing, grazing and other equivalent agricultural activities
Adapting the frequency, methods used and/or the timing of mowing/cutting of grasslands or of grazing by livestock in order to maintain/restore habitats or to avoid damage to species (e.g. nesting birds). This also includes the adaption and management of other equivalent activities (e.g. burning). Includes, for example, converting from intensively managed grassland to more extensive or reducing trampling by livestock.
Stop mowing, grazing and other equivalent agricultural activities
Stopping (or avoiding) the mowing or cutting of grasslands or grazing by livestock in order to restore habitats or to avoid damage to species (e.g. nesting birds); stopping (or avoiding) other equivalent activities.
Land previously used for either agriculture (e.g. arable land), forestry (e.g. popular plantation) or another use being (re)created/restored as an Annex I agricultural habitat type. Includes, for example, the recreation of an Annex I grassland from a forest plantation. This is a process that could take a long time to fully restore the habitats structure and functions.
Adapt soil management practices in agriculture
Adaptating soil management practices (including tillage) to minimize or prevent loss of soil and its biodiversity.
Manage the use of natural fertilisers and chemicals in agricultural (plant and animal) production
Managing (reducing or eliminating) the use of: - fertilisers (e.g. mineral, manure, sludge) - pesticides, fungicides, seed coatings, herbicides, growth retardants, hormones and other chemicals used in plant production - rodenticides and other pest control products -wormers and other veterinary products used in animal production (e.g. diclofenac and/or other similar veterinary products). Alos includes developing and maintaining the conservation headlands or field margins.
Reduce/eliminate point pollution to surface or ground waters from agricultural activities
Reducing or eliminating point source pollution from agricultural activities to surface and ground waters (e.g. due to large scale animal breeding or storage of farmyard waste and/or checmical products).
Reduce diffuse pollution to surface or ground waters from agricultural activities
Reducing diffuse pollution to surface and ground waters due to agricultural activities. This can also include developing and maintaining riparian buffer strips along water courses as a (spatially restricted) way of reducing 'diffuse' pollution to surface waters.
Reduce/eliminate air pollution from agricultural activities
Reducing or eliminating air pollution due to agricultural activities.
Reduce/eliminate marine pollution from agricultural activities
Reducing or eliminating marine pollution due to agricultural activities.
Reduce/eliminate soil pollution from agricultural activities
Reducing or eliminating soil pollution due to agricultural activities.
Manage drainage and irrigation operations and infrastructures in agriculture
Managing drainage and irrigation operations and infrastructures (such as surface and groundwater abstraction, construction and operation of dams or altering of hydrological flow of rivers) as well as managing or restoring the hydrological regime of drained agricultural areas (e.g. restoration of hydrological regimes of drained peatlands, hydrologically altered wetlands and freshwater habitats in agricultural areas). The management of drainage and irrigation can include the possible cessation of these activities. This measure also includes restoring other freshwater habitats or wetlands impacted by changes of hydrological functioning through activities such as building dams or surface water abstraction for agriculture.
Other measures related to agricultural practices
Other measures related to agricultural practices or agriculture-related habitats not covered by the other CA measures e.g. adapting the methods and/or timing of harvesting to avoid disturbance of nesting birds.
Prevent conversion of (semi-) natural habitats into forests and of (semi-)natural forests into intensive forest plantation
Preventing the conversion of natural and semi-natural habitats, as well as habitats of species targeted by the nature directives, into forest (e.g. afforestation), preventing the conversion of natural and semi-natural forests into intensive forest plantations or monocultures.
Maintain existing traditional forest management and exploitation practices
Maintaining existing (traditional or extensive) forest management and exploitation practices to preserve habitats or habitats for species or to avoid species disturbance. This includes maintaining traditional or extensive management, for example, to secure or develop old tree stocks, the old-growth and natural decay stages of forests (that are clearly beyond regular harvesting age), coppices, pollarding or secondary forest habitats (such as oak-hornbeam forest on potential beech habitats); this also includes maintaining the measures to favour the opening of closed woodlands, to preserve or restore habitat continuity, to manage species composition, or to retain habitat tree groups. Includes also keeping aside wilderness areas. .
Reinstate forest management and exploitation practices
Reinstating (traditional or extensive) forest management and exploitation practices to preserve or to restore habitats or habitats for species targeted by the nature directives impacted by abandonment of traditional forestry use.
Adapt/manage reforestation and forest regeneration
Adaptating or managing reforestation to restore habitats and habitats of species including for example the conversion of clear-fell plantations to long-term native woodland or the adaptation of reforestation techniques such as using natural regeneration or fire.
Adapt/change forest management and exploitation practices
Adapting or changing forest management and exploitation practices to preserve or to restore habitats/habitats of species targeted by the nature directives or to avoid species disturbance. This can involve adapting and changing management practices in order to secure or develop old stocks of trees, to maintain coppices, to retain dead and dying trees and stumps, to favour opening of closed woodlands, to preserve or restore habitat continuity, to manage species composition, to prevent forest wildfires; but also adapting the time and duration of forestry activities to avoid disturbance of species. However this excludes the management of drainage and irrigation, which are included under CB14.
Stop forest management and exploitation practices
Stopping (or avoiding) forest management and exploitation practices to preserve or to restore habitats or habitats for species targeted by the nature directives, or to avoid species disturbance. Includes the application of non-intervention management.
Taking measures to stop and prevent illegal logging and pressures from this illegal activity.
Land previously used for agriculture (e.g. arable land), for industrial forestry plantations (e.g. poplar or eucalyptus plantations), or other land cover being restored or (re)created as an Annex I forest habitat type. This could be, for example, recreating an Annex I alluvial forest from farmland. It could take decades to fully restore the habitats structure and functions and it can includes active restoration (seed sowing or planting new vegetation) or passive allowing natural succession.
Manage the use of chemicals for fertilisation, liming and pest control in forestry
Managing(reducing or eliminating) of the use of: -pesticides, herbicides and pest control products - fertilisers (mineral, manure, sludge) - liming.
Reduce diffuse pollution to surface or ground waters from forestry activities
Reducing diffuse pollution to surface and ground waters due to forestry activities.
Reduce air pollution from forestry activities
Reducing air pollution due to forestry activities.
Reduce marine pollution from forestry activities
Reducing marine pollution due to forestry activities.
Reduce soil pollution from forestry activities
Reducing soil pollution due to forestry activities.
Manage drainage and irrigation operations and infrastructures
Managing drainage and irrigation operations and infrastructure (including surface and groundwater abstraction, construction and operation of dams and altering of hydrological flow of rivers) as well as managing or restoring the hydrological regime of drained forest areas. The management of drainage and irrigation can include the possible cessation of these activities. This measure also includes restoring freshwater habitats impacted by changes of hydrological functioning due to drainage for forestry.
Other measures related to forestry practices
Other measures related to forestry practices or forest habitats not covered by the other CB measures.
Adapt/manage extraction of non-energy resources
Adapting and managing (including stopping and avoiding) the extraction of minerals and non-energy resources (e.g. sand, gravel, loam, clay and peat extraction for plant compost or other horticultural purposes) as well as adapting and managing the extaction of salt. Alos includes reducing the impact from geotechnical surveying and other preparatory work for extraction.
Adapt/manage exploitation of energy resources
Adapting and managing (including stopping and avoiding) the exploitation of energy resources (coal mining, incl. open-cast mining, peat extraction, oil and gas exploration and drilling). Alos includes reducing the impact from geotechnical surveying and other preparatory works for extraction.
Adapt/manage renewable energy installation, facilities and operation
Adapting and managing (including stopping and avoiding) installation and operation of renewable energy infrastructure (excluding hydropower). This also includes measures to mitigate impact of wind farms such as avoiding building turbines at sensitive sites (e.g. migration bottlenecks), turning off turbines under certain conditions and/or particularly problematic times of year (e.g. peak migration).
Reduce impact of hydropower operation and infrastructure
Reducing/minimizing the impact of hydropower infrastructures (such as dams, weirs, reservoirs) and their operation (e.g. hydropeaking) on freshwater habitats and species. This can include building and managing fish passages or regulating water flows. Alos includes restoring freshwater habitats impacted by changes of hydrological functioning like building dams for energy production.
Adapt/manage fossil energy installation, facilities and operation
Adapting and managing the installation of and operation of fossil energy infrastructure excluding oil and gas pipelines(CC06).
Reduce impact of service corridors and networks
Reducing the impact of service corridors and networks (electricity, telecommunications, oil and gas pipelines) on habitats and species targeted by the nature directives. This includes for example modifying power lines to prevent bird electrocution or developing green/blue infrastructure to improve connectivity.
Habitat restoration/creation from resources, exploitation areas or areas damaged due to installation of renewable energy infrastructure
Land previously used or prepared for mineral extraction (e.g. gravel extraction, quarry), energy resources extraction (e.g. coal or peat) or damaged due to depositing of extraction material or due to construction and operation of renewable energy infrastructure being restored as Annex I habitat type and/or habitat of a species targeted by the nature directives. This includes both active or passive restoration allowing for natural succession. Exlcudes restoration of agricultural and forest habitats which should be reported under CA07 or CB08 respectively and restoration of habitats damaged due to construction and operation of hydropower infrastructure, which should be reported under CC04.
Manage/reduce/eliminate point pollution to surface or ground waters from resource exploitation and energy production
Managing, reducing or eliminating point source pollution to surface or ground waters caused by the extraction and exploitation of minerals and energy resources (e.g. from mine waters), and energy production.
Manage/reduce/eliminate diffuse pollution to surface or ground waters from resource exploitation and energy production
Managing, reducing or eliminating diffuse pollution to surface and ground waters caused by the extraction and exploitation of minerals and energy resources (e.g. due to mining activities), and energy production .
Manage/reduce/eliminate air pollution from resource exploitation and energy production
Managing, reducing or eliminating air pollution related to resource exploitation and energy production such as the combustion of fossil or bioenergy fuels.
Manage/reduce/eliminate marine pollution from resource exploitation and energy production
Managing, reducing or eliminating marine pollution related to resource exploitation and energy production.
Reduce/eliminate noise, light, thermal and other forms of pollution related to resource exploitation and energy production
Reducing or eliminating noise and light pollution, electromagnetic pollution, thermal heating of water bodies or localised heating of the sea related to resource exploitation and energy production. Includes also the reduction/elimination of noise pollution from sonar and geological surveys at sea.
Manage water abstraction for resource extraction and energy production
Managing surface and ground water abstraction for extraction/exploitation of resources and energy production (excluding management of drainage and water abstraction activities related to extraction and exploitation (e.g. peat drainage - CC02 or abstraction of mine waters - CC01).
Other measures related to extraction and energy exploitation activities
Other measures related to the extraction and energy exploitation activities.
Reduce impact of transport operation and infrastructure
Reducing the impact of transport infrastructures (roads, railroads, bridges, viaducts, tunnels, shipping lanes and canals, locks, ports, airfields) and transport operations on habitats and species targeted by the nature directives. This include,s for example, building and managing passages for animals, developing green/blue infrastructure, managing marine and fluvial traffic and infrastructure to, for example, reduce erosion of banks and deterring (e.g. by letting grass grow long or employing active 'scaring' tactics) birds from using airfield/airports. Also includes any measures to reduce noise and light pollution. Regulating traffic or construction of traffic infrastructure in order to reduce chemical/particulate pollution should be reported under code CE03.
Manage/reduce/eliminate pollution to surface or ground water from transport
Managing, reducing or eliminating point or diffuse pollution to surface and ground waters due to land, water, and air-based transport (e.g. cars, boats, airplanes).
Manage/reduce/eliminate air pollution from transport
Managing, reducing or eliminating air pollution due to land, water or air-based transport (e.g. cars, boats, airplanes).
Manage/reduce/eliminate marine pollution from transport
Managing, reducing or eliminating marine pollution due to transport activities and infrastructure.
Manage/reduce/eliminate noise, light and other forms of pollution from transport
Managing, reducing or eliminating noise, light and other forms of pollution related to land, waterand air-based transport (e.g. cars, boats, airplanes).
Habitat restoration of areas impacted by transport
Restore habitats damaged by transport e.g. restoring freshwater habitats impacted by changes in hydrological functioning like canalisation, or coastal habitats destroyed as a result of the dredging of ship lanes.
Manage conversion of land for construction and development of infrastructure
Managing (i.e. preventing, minimizing effects of) conversion of land to the construction and development of residential, commercial, industrial and recreational areas and infrastructures.
Habitat restoration of areas impacted by residential, commercial, industrial and recreational infrastructure, operations and activities
Restoring habitats in areas negatively impacted by residential, commercial, industrial and recreational infrastructure, including the operation of these infrastructures. Includes, for example, the restoration of dune habitats impacted by the protection of urban and recreational zones. This excludes the restoration of agricultural and forest habitats which should be reported under CA07 or CB08 respectively.
Reduce impact of outdoor sports, leisure and recreational activities
Reducing the impact of outdoor sports, leisure and recreational activities (e.g. camping, skiing, mountaineering, boating, wildlife watching - bird and whale watching) on terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats and species, and managing these activities. Also includes restoration of habitats impacted by outdoor sports, leisure and recreational activities.
Reduce/eliminate point source pollution to surface or ground waters from industrial, commercial, residential and recreational areas and activities
Reducing or eliminating point source pollution to surface and ground waters from industrial, commercial, residential and recreational areas and activities. This includes reducing/eliminating discharges from industrial and urban waste water treatment plants, or reducing/eliminating point source pollution from contaminated or abandoned industrial sites or from household waste dumps.
Reduce/eliminate diffuse pollution to surface or ground waters from industrial, commercial, residential and recreational areas and activities
Reducing or eliminating diffuse pollution to surface and ground waters from industrial, commercial, residential and recreational areas and activities (e.g. reducing/eliminating diffuse pollution due to sewage not connected to the sewage network or diffuse source pollution from contaminated or abandoned industrial sites or leakages from waste disposal sites).
Reduce/eliminate air pollution from industrial, commercial, residential and recreational areas and activities
Reducing or eliminating chemical and micro-particulate point and diffuse pollution to air from industrial, commercial, residential and recreational areas and activities.
Reduce/eliminate marine pollution from industrial, commercial, residential and recreational areas and activities
Reducing or eliminating chemical point and diffuse source pollution to marine waters from industrial, commercial, residential and recreational areas and activities.
Reduce/eliminate marine contamination with litter
Reducing or eliminating the input and subsequent contamination of marine ecosystems with litter from all possible sources, including from the fishing industry.
Reduce/eliminate noise, light, heat or other forms pollution from industrial, commercial, residential and recreational areas and activities
Reducing or eliminating noise, light, heat, electromagnetic or other types of pollution from industrial, commercial, residential and recreational areas and activities. Excludes measure to reduce noise and light pollution from sport and leisure activities (CF03).
Manage changes in hydrological and coastal systems and regimes for construction and development
Managing acitvities causing changes in hydrological conditions and coastal systesm (e.g. drainage, land reclamation, conversion of wetlands, modification of flooding regimes, flood protection infrastructure and operations, building of dams and reservoirs, coastal protection and sea defence) associated with residential, commercial, industrial and recreational areas and activities. This includes restoring freshwater habitats and wetlands impacted by changes of hydrological functioning like building dams or canalisation for flood protection.
Manage water abstraction for public supply and for industrial and commercial use
Managing the abstraction of ground and surface water for industrial and commercial use, as well as for public water supply (including, for example, drinking water, water for urban watering of parks and gardens and irrigation of golf courses). This includes also restoring freshwater habitats impacted by changes of hydrological functioning like building dams for surface water abstraction.
Other measures related to residential, commercial, industrial and recreational infrastructures, operations and activities
Other measures related to residential, commercial, industrial and recreational infrastructures, operations and activities. Includes, for example, measures to regulate/adapt the reconstruction and renovation of buildings (important for nesting and sheltering of bats and birds) for example, by regulating timing of those interventions. Includes reducing the use of pesticides and fertilisers on lawns, hedges and fences.
Management of professional/commercial fishing (including shellfish and seaweed harvesting)
Managing of e.g. quantities, methods, periods, areas, and species for professional fishing; and shellfish and seaweed harvesting in marine, coastal and inland waters. This can include enforcement and control of e.g. fishing quotas and other regulations or stopping/avoiding fishing. Managing methods and periods for fishing to reduce bycatch and/or incidental killing should be included under CG05. Also includes the restoration of habitats damaged due to commercial fishing.
Management of hunting, recreational fishing and recreational or commercial harvesting or collection of plants
Managing methods, periods, areas, quotas and species for hunting, recreational angling, recreational shellfish harvesting and recreational or commercial harvesting of plants (including fruits) and mushrooms. This can include stopping or avoiding hunting, recreational fishing, harvesting or collecting. Also includes the restoration of habitats damaged due to exploitation of species, for example, human trampling due to harvesting of shellfish or collection of plants, habitats damaged by game.
Reducing the impact of (re-) stocking for fishing and hunting, of artificial feeding and predator control
Reducing the impact of (re-) stocking fish and game species, of artificial game feeding, of the culling of possible predators or competitors of game species (illegal persecution of predators such as raptor persecution should be reported under CG04) and reducing the impact of other similar activities related to management of game and fishing stocks.
Control/eradication of illegal killing, fishing and harvesting
Controlling, though enforcement, the illegal killing, fishing and harvesting of fish, shellfish or plant species, including the use of illegal methods or the taking protected species.
Reduce bycatch and incidental killing of non-target species
Introducing or adapting practices to reduce bycatch or incidental killing from commercial and recreational use and exploitation of species (e.g. by adapting methods or periods for fishing).
Reducing impact of lead ammunition or fishing weights.
Manage changes in coastal conditions for marine aquaculture
Managing changes to coastal conditions due to the installation, maintenance and operation of marine/coastal aquaculture facilities for fish, shellfish, plants or algae. This can include, for example, regulating or minimising the effect of dredging. This also includes restoring coastal habitats and wetlands impacted by changes of coastal conditions due to marine aquaculture.
Reduce/eliminate marine pollution from marine aquaculture
Reducing or eliminating pollution to marine waters from marine/coastal aquaculture (fish, shellfish, plants, algae).
Other measures to reduce impacts from marine aquaculture infrastructures and operation
Other measures to reduce the impact from marine/coastal aquaculture such as impacts from the introduction of new species. Includes maintaining existing extensive aquaculture.
Manage water abstraction and modifications of hydrological conditions for freshwater aquaculture
Managing water abstraction and modification of hydrological conditions (e.g. weirs, canals, small dams, water deviation) due to to installation, maintenance and operation of freshwater aquaculture of fish, plants and algae.
Reduce/eliminate point source pollution to surface waters from freshwater aquaculture
Reducing or eliminating point source pollution to surface waters from freshwater aquaculture (e.g. due to feeding, use of antibiotics or fertilisation).
Reduce/eliminate diffuse pollution to surface waters from freshwater aquaculture
Reducing or eliminating diffuse pollution to surface waters from freshwater aquaculture (e.g. due to feeding, use of antibiotics or fertilisation).
Reduce/eliminate marine pollution from freshwater aquaculture
Reducing or eliminating pollution to marine waters from freshwater aquaculture (e.g. due to feeding, use of antibiotics or fertilisation).
Other measures to reduce impacts of freshwater aquaculture infrastructures and operation
Other measures to reduce impact from freshwater aquaculture such as the impacts from the introduction of new species. Includes maintaining existing extensive aquaculture.
Other measures related to exploitation of species
Other measures related to the exploitation of species (e.g. deliberate, non-lethal disturbance/deterrence of 'pest' species such as Phalacrocorax spp., to reduce conflicts with aquaculture).
Reduce impact of military installations and activities
Reducing the impact of military sites, infrastructures, exercises and operations.
Adapting or maintaining military activities for nature protection objectives; use of military activity to maintain or restore habitats (e.g. use disturbance from military exercises to maintain open habitats).
Reduce impact of other specific human actions
Reducing the impact from specific human actions not included in other categories. (e.g. from property fences and walls, closure of caves and gallery entrances, felling roadside trees or from civil unrest and vandalism).
Early detection and rapid eradication of invasive alien species of Union concern
Establishing and operating the system of early detection and rapid eradication of invasive alien species of Union concern (under Regulation (EU) No 1143/2014). This also includes measures to prevent, or reduce the likelihood of the establishment and entry of invasive alien species.
Management, control or eradication of established invasive alien species of Union concern
Managing, controlling or eradicating established invasive alien species of Union concern (under Regulation (EU) No 1143/2014) (e.g. culling of Ruddy duck - Oxyura jamaicensis).
Management, control or eradication of other invasive alien species
Managing, controlling the spread of other 'invasive' alien species ( i.e. any species introduced in modern period that is established in the wild outside its natural range and whose introduction and/or spread represents a threat or a potential threat to habitats and species, regardless of the invasive population dynamics (e.g. controlling Acacia spp.)) or eradicating established populations of other alien species.
DO NOT USE Management, control or eradication of other alien species
This code should not be used for new entries. It has been restored for technical reasons.
Management of problematic native species
Managing native plants and animals that have become out-of-balance directly or indirectly due to human activities and, in certain regions, may be causing damage to particular habitats (e.g. deer jeopardising forest restoration) or threatening population of target species (e.g. gulls predating on eggs and chicks of a threatened bird). This also includes managing impacts of feral populations.
Other measures related to problematic species
Other measures related to problematic species.
Controlling and eradicating plant and animal diseases, pathogens and pests
Controlling and eradicating plant and animal diseases, pathogens and pests (including insect and nematode pests).
Reducing the impact of pollution in situations where no specific driver can be identified.
Reduce impact of multi-purpose hydrological changes
Reducing the impact of landfilling, removal of sediments, canalisation, water deviation, flooding regime modification and other modifications of hydrological functioning or physical chracteristics of water bodies, which cannot be easily associated with one of the categories above.
Restore habitats impacted by multi-purpose hydrological changes
Restoring freshwater, wetlands and coastal habitats impacted by multi-purpose hydrological modifications. This excludes restoration of agricultural and forest habitats which should be reported under CA10 or CB10 respectively.
Other measures related to mixed source pollution and multi-purpose human-induced changes in hydraulic conditions
Other measures related to mixed source pollution and multi-purpose human-induced changes in hydraulic conditions.
Management of habitats (others than agriculture and forest) to slow, stop or reverse natural processes
Managing habitats (biotic and abiotic factors), excluding agriculture and forest-related habitats, to slow down, stop or reverse natural processes. This can include abiotic natural processes (e.g. erosion, silting up, drying out, salinization, eutrophication or acidification), natural succession of vegetation (in open early succsession stage habitats), natural accumulation of organic material, which is not a result of human activitiy, or lack of human activities. For example, if measures adress drying out which is a result of a human induced modification of hydrological conditions, it should not be reported under this category. Includes, for example, managing and restoring natural open (early-succession stage) habitats impacted by natural processes (e.g. maintaining heathland to prevent them from being overgrown by trees by grazing, conservation burning).
Minimise/prevent impacts of geological and natural catastrophes
Minimising (and when possible preventing) the impacts of geological events (e.g. volcanic activity) and extreme natural events (e.g. tidal waves, storms, landslides, flooding, wild fires) on habitats and species.
Restore habitats following geological and natural catastrophes
Restoring habitats and species after the occurrence of geological events (e.g. volcanic activity) and extreme natural events (e.g. tidal waves, storms, landslides, flooding, wild fires).
Other measures related to natural processes
Other measures related to natural processes e.g. control of natural competitors, predators or diseases of species targeted by the nature directives.
Adopt climate change mitigation measures
Adoption and implementation of general climate change mitigation measures. These are generally taken in a broader scale and not specifically for alleviating pressure on habitats and species. Therefore,this 'conservation measure' should only be noted when the main pressure is climate change and mitigation measures are being implemented.
Implement climate change adaptation measures
Implementation of specific climate change adaptation measures to address specific pressures on habitats and species (e.g. managing an interconnected network of habitats / protected areas, to facilitate the adaptive dispersal of key species in the context of shifts in suitable 'climate envelopes').
Support conservation measures in another EU Member State
Supporting the implementation of conservation measures in other EU Member States, for example, through financing or capacity building.
Support conservation measures in countries outside the EU
Supporting the implementation of measures in countries outside the EU (e.g. financing, capacity building).
Reinforce populations of species from the directives
Reinforcing populations of species targeted by the nature directives, including population enhancement through restocking, strengthening of extant populations by seeding, relocation and transfer from captivity or through cultivation. Excludes restoring habitats for species (see e.g. CS03).
Reintroduction of species targeted by the nature directives to former sites from other populations or ex-situ conservation through specific reintroduction programmes. Excludes restoring habitats for species (see e.g. CS03).
Improvement of habitat of species from the directives
Improvement of conditions for the species from the directives through specific measures that cannot be readily achieved by other pressure specific measures or pressure specific measures can not be identified. This includes, for example, the creation of ponds for amphibians, boosting reproductive success by installing nest boxes and platforms (as a substitue measure for lack of natural nesting cavities due to innapropriate forest management practices) or supplementary feeding (possibly carried out to mitigate a particular threat, such as 'natural' carcasses containing diclofenac, but also often carried out at as a broader measure to compensate for cumulative human pressures on natural habitats and food resources).
Managing native plants and animals important for the restoration of habitats (e.g. managing keystone species of habitats) or for the survival of certain species (e.g. managing prey and their habitat, like wild rabbits as prey for Iberian lynx and Spanish Imperial Eagle Aquila adalberti). Includes reintroduction of crucial host species or other positively interacting species (like pollinators).
Measures needed but cannot be identified
Expand the current distribution of the species
Increase the population size and/or improve population dynamics (improve reproduction success, reduce mortality, improve age/sex structure)
Maintain the current distribution, population and/or habitat for the species
Medium-term results (within the next two reporting periods, 2019-2030)
Short-term results (within the current reporting period, 2013-2018)
Complete survey or a statistically robust estimate
Based mainly on expert opinion with very limited data
Based mainly on extrapolation from a limited amount of data
Valid population units for additional population size
The species has colonised the Member State during the short-term trend period of the reporting round (2007-2018)
Not present - delete from the check-list
The species is present and occurs regularly in the Member State in the season in question
Location where the pressure/threat is primarily operating
(Change and reasons for change in value for parameter and in conservation status and conservation status trend)
Season in which data for Article 12 species were collected
Season in which data for Red List species were collected
Conversion into agricultural land (excluding drainage and burning)
Conversion of natural and semi-natural non-agricultural habitats (e.g. semi-natural forests) and non-agricultural habitats of species targeted by the nature directives into agricultural land (e.g. pastures, meadows, arable fields). This pressure does not relate only to land use changes that occurred during the reporting period but it refers to instances where continuing the agricultural use of originally non-agricultural habitat prevent the latter from being restored (e.g. in case of land use conflicts between agriculture and nature conservation).
Conversion from one type of agricultural land use to another (excluding drainage and burning)
Conversion of agricultural habitats into other types of agricultural habitats. This pressure often refers to conversion of semi-natural agricultural habitats (e.g. meadows) into intensive production areas (e.g. sawn grasslands or arable fields) but it also includes more subtle changes, mostly of habitat conditions (e.g. change of crops or a move from spring-sown to autumn/winter-sown cereals causing denser/taller crop structure earlier in the nesting season or earlier harvesting) or other types of conversion (e.g. rice paddies into other types of culture). This pressure does not relate only to land use changes that occurred during the reporting period but it refers to instances where continuing the current agricultural use of a habitat prevent the latter from being restored (e.g. in cases of land use conflicts between agriculture and nature conservation).
Conversion from mixed farming and agroforestry systems to specialised (e.g. single crop) production
Large scale changes (affecting the habitat at landscape level or landscape functions like connectivity or nutrient cycling) of agricultural systems from traditional mixed or diversified farming and agroforestry into intensive specialised farming (e.g. single crop).
Changes in terrain and surface of agricultural areas
Changes in terrain and surface of agricultural areas due to, for example, restructuring of slopes, terracing, levelling, rock crushing or other changes of terrain to, for example, facilitate the use of machinery or manage runoff of rain water or to prepare new terrains for agricultural production.
Removal of small landscape features for agricultural land parcel consolidation (hedges, stone walls, rushes, open ditches, springs, solitary trees, etc.)
Removal of single landscape features or small scale parcel consolidation (e.g. removal of hedges between two existing arable fields, to facilitate use of farm machinery).
Abandonment of grassland management (e.g. cessation of grazing or mowing)
Abandonment of traditional agricultural practices in grasslands such as cessation of mowing or abandonment of traditional pastoral systems like itinerant grazing in mountain areas.
Abandonment of management/use of other agricultural and agroforestry systems (all except grassland)
Abandonment of traditional management systems or use of other agricultural systems (excluding grasslands), such as the abandonment of traditional farming, abandonment of mowing, grazing and other traditional uses of fens, mires, heathland or agroforestry habitats.
Inappropriate techniques or timing of mowing, for example mowing at inappropriate times, mowing with too high a frequency, using machinery or inadequate machinery for mowing of grasslands or leaving dead material after mowing on the ground (mulching).
Intensive grazing or overgrazing by livestock
Intensive grazing or overgrazing by livestock in agricultural and agroforestry habitats (e.g. pastures, meadows, pastured forests) where grazing causes damage to vegetation or soil (e.g. trampling, nitrogen input) or where livestock presents a disturbance or a competitor for species targeted by the nature directives. Includes intensive grazing in other habitats in agricultural landscapes (riparian areas, bogs, scrubs and forests) where grazing causes damage to vegetation or habitats.
Extensive grazing or undergrazing by livestock
Insufficient grazing or undergrazing that causes, for example, changes in species composition, or extensive grazing in inappropriate habitats like meadows or bogs.
Burning as an agricultural practice, for example, to create a pasture, or burning agricultural waste like crop stubble.
Suppression or lack of controlled burning used as a traditional management practice e.g. of heaths in wet and cold regions of Europe.
Reseeding of grasslands and other semi-natural habitats
Reseeding of grasslands and other semi-natural habitats.
Other activities, except grazing, related to livestock farming, like animal breeding (e.g. causing point or diffuse pollution), livestock feeding or use of veterinary drugs (e.g. causing increased mortality of scavengers like vultures as a consequence of 'incidental poisoning' following the consumption of livestock carcasses treated with veterinary drugs). Includes abandonment of traditional processes related to livestock (e.g. closure of traditional livestock carcass dumps causing loss of food resources for vultures).
Tillage practices (e.g. ploughing) in agriculture
Inappropriate techniques or timing of tillage, for example, ploughing at inappropriate times, using inadequate machinery for ploughing or the inappropriate use of tillage (e.g. tillage in grasslands).
Other soil management practices in agriculture
Inappropriate use of soil management practices in agriculture or inappropriate techniques/timing of soil management other than tillage.
Harvesting of crops and cutting of croplands
Inappropriate techniques and timing of harvesting, for example, use of machinery for harvesting, use of inadequate machinery for harvesting (e.g. more efficient machinery may reduce the amount of unharvested/spilt grain available as food) or inappropriate harvesting periods (e.g. harvesting too early in season, harvesting during the night). Includes the cutting of vegetation along the edges of fields.
Input of water into semi-natural or extensive agricultural habitats (e.g. irrigation of olive orchards) possibly leading to changes in species composition or increased production. Includes the installation of irrigation infrastructure.
Application of natural fertilisers on agricultural land
Use, application, treatment and stocking of natural fertilisers (e.g. manure, slurry) for agricultural production.
Application of synthetic (mineral) fertilisers on agricultural land
Use, application, treatment and stocking of synthetic fertilisers for agricultural production.
Use of plant protection chemicals in agriculture
Use of plant protection chemicals in agriculture (e.g. pesticides, fungicides, growth retardants, hormones, seed coatings etc.).
Use of physical plant protection in agriculture
Use of physical plant protection in agriculture (e.g. weed picking or netting/cages for fruit ).
Use of other pest control methods in agriculture (excluding tillage)
Use of other pest control methods in agriculture (e.g. biocontrol)
Waste management practices in agriculture
Management of waste in agriculture (e.g. temporary holding of solutions like manure storage ponds/lagoons or deposition of waste).
Agricultural activities generating point source pollution to surface or ground waters
This pressure addresses point source water pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. point pollution from an animal farm should be reported as A14 Livestock farming (without grazing)).
Agricultural activities generating diffuse pollution to surface or ground waters
This pressure addresses diffuse water pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. diffuse pollution due to the application of fertilisers or plant protection chemicals should be reported under respective activities A20 Application of synthetic (mineral) fertilisers on agricultural land or A21 Use of plant protection chemicals in agriculture).
Agricultural activities generating air pollution
This pressure addresses air pollution resulting from agricultural activities and agricultural land use.
Agricultural activities generating marine pollution
This pressure addresses point or diffuse source marine pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. diffuse pollution due to application of fertilisers or plant protection chemicals should be reported under respective activities A20 Application of synthetic (mineral) fertilisers on agricultural land or A21 Use of plant protection chemicals in agriculture).
Agricultural activities generating soil pollution
This pressure should be used to address the pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. diffuse pollution due to application of fertilisers or plant protection chemicals should be reported under respective activities A20 Application of synthetic (mineral) fertilisers on agricultural land or A21 Use of plant protection chemicals in agriculture).
Active abstractions from groundwater, surface water or mixed water for agriculture
Abstraction of water for use in agriculture e.g. for irrigation or in large scale animal breeding.
Activities like water abstraction, hydrological modifications, canalisation aimed at draining natural or semi-natural habitats for the use as agricultural land (e.g. drainage of wetlands for agriculture).
Development and operation of dams for agriculture
Development and operation of dams for agriculture (e.g. for irrigation).
Modification of hydrological flow or physical alteration of water bodies for agriculture (excluding development and operation of dams)
Activities modifying physical structure or hydrological functioning of water bodies triggered by agricultural production (e.g. altering of flooding regimes, altering regimes of rivers to keep sufficient water supply for irrigation, cleaning irrigation canals, canalisation of rivers and cutting of the oxbow lakes).
Introduction and spread of new crops (including GMOs)
Introduction and/or spread of new crops (e.g. crops producing pollen toxic for pollinators) and GMOs.
Agricultural crops for renewable energy production
Conversion of agricultural or non-agricultural habitats into areas of agricultural production of renewable energy stocks, and other pressures arising from the agricultural production of energy crops.
Agriculture activities not referred to above
Other agricultural activities not mentioned above.
Conversion to forest from other land uses, or afforestation (excluding drainage)
Increase in forest area, including planting of forests on grassland or heathland, or converting shrubs into forest. This pressure does not relate only to land use changes that occurred during the reporting period but it refers to instances where continuing the current forestry use of a natural/semi-natural habitat prevents the latter from being restored (e.g. in cases of land use conflicts between forestry and nature conservation for the restoration of some heathlands and peats, which were in the past afforested and are currently being managed and replanted as forests).
Conversion to other types of forests including monocultures
Conversion of forest habitats into another type of forest habitat, often conversion from extensive forests into production forests (e.g. conversion to monocultures) but also other types of conversion (e.g. conversion from coppice to high forest or changes of tree species composition). Includes deliberate changes. Passive abandonment of traditional forest management should be reported as B04. This pressure does not relate only to land use changes that occurred during the reporting period but it refers to instances where continuing the current forestry use of a natural/semi-natural habitat prevent the latter from being restored (e.g. in case of land use conflicts between forestry and nature conservation).
Replanting with or introducing non-native or non-typical species (including new species and GMOs)
Replanting with non-native (including new tree species and genetically modified organisms) or non-typical species (i.e. native species which do not naturally occur as a part of a specific forest type or within a specific region) after forest exploitation or planting non-native or non-typical species in existing forests.
Abandonment of traditional forest management
Abandonment of traditional management and maintenance of secondary forest habitats such as some oak and oak-hornbeam forests, chestnut forests or lichen-pine forests.
Logging without replanting or natural regrowth
Decline in forest area due to non-replanting or absence of natural regrowth after forest exploitation.
Logging (excluding clear cutting) of individual trees
Logging (of individual trees) causing damage to e.g. standing trees, forest undergrowth or soil and springs.
Removal of dead and dying trees, including debris
Removal of dead and dying trees (e.g. to prevent forestry pests) and removal of fallen wood (e.g. for firewood collection, fire prevention or enabling access by machinery).
Removal of old trees (excluding dead or dying trees)
Targeted removal of old trees (e.g. to preserve the forest structure or to improve regeneration). Includes logging of mature trees (trees with a high potential to become old) in forests with a diverse age structure.
Forest clearance (small to large scale removal of all trees) causing damage to forest habitat or habitats of species targeted by the nature directives, to soil or springs or other physical features.
Illegal logging e.g. organised illegal timber extraction.
Cork extraction and forest exploitation excluding logging.
Forest exploitation activities (e.g. cork extraction), excluding timber logging.
Removal of trees (including logging) of a certain tree layer(s) (upper or lower) in order to favour selected trees or to promote natural regeneration. Includes damage to soil, springs, forest habitats and undergrowth due to thinning.
Burning as a forestry practice (e.g. burning waste after exploitation).
Suppression of forest management practices using controlled burning and fire.
Forest management reducing old growth forests.
Shortening of logging rotations or other activities like thinning aimed at earlier logging.
Construction and maintenance of logging roads and tracks (closed to public circulation), wood transport within forest (damaging forest undergrowth, soil and springs) and poor management of wood transport (e.g. leaving the felled wood in piles in forests during summer or damage to soil).
Tillage practices in forestry and other soil management practices in forestry
Using tillage or other soil management practices in forestry (e.g. preparation of soil for forest replanting).
Use, application, treatment and stocking of natural fertilisers (e.g. manure, slurry) in forestry.
Application of synthetic fertilisers in forestry, including liming of forest soils
Use, application, treatment and stocking of synthetic fertilisers in forestry.
Use of plant protection chemicals in forestry
Use of plant protection chemicals in forestry (e.g. pesticides, fungicides, pheromones or repulsives).
Use of physical plant protection in forestry, excluding tree layer thinning
Use of physical or mechanical plant protection in forestry (e.g. exclosure fencing, protective cages/sleeves around trees/saplings, cutting weeds, mulching).
Use of other pest control methods in forestry
Use of other pest control methods in forestry (e.g. biocontrol).
Forestry activities generating pollution to surface or ground waters
This pressure addresses diffuse water pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. diffuse pollution due to application of fertilisers or plant protection chemicals should be reported under respective activities B19, Application of synthetic fertilisers in forestry, including liming of forest soils or B21 Use of physical plant protection in forestry, excluding tree layer thinning).
Forestry activities generating air pollution
This pressure addresses air pollution resulting from forestry activities.
Forestry activities generating marine pollution
This pressure addresses marine pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. marine pollution due to the application of fertilisers or plant protection chemicals should be reported under respective activities B19 Application of synthetic fertilisers in forestry, including liming of forest soils or B21 Use of physical plant protection in forestry, excluding tree layer thinning).
Forestry activities generating soil pollution
This pressure addresses soil pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. soil pollution due to application of fertilisers or plant protection chemicals should be reported under respective activities B19 Application of synthetic fertilisers in forestry, including liming of forest soils or B21 Use of physical plant protection in forestry, excluding tree layer thinning) .
Modification of hydrological conditions, or physical alteration of water bodies and drainage for forestry (including dams)
Activities modifying the physical structure or hydrological functioning of water bodies triggered by forestry production and exploitation, and activities aimed at drying out the land to facilitate forestry production or exploitation (e.g. altering of flooding regimes, canalisation of rivers, cutting of the oxbow lakes, building draining canals).
Conversion of forest or non-forest habitats into short rotation coppices (e.g. coppices of willow, poplar or eucalyptus) or converting or maintaining existing forest as short rotation coppices/forests (e.g. chestnut forests) for biomass production and other pressures from forestry biomass production.
Other forestry activities, excluding those relating to agro-forestry
Other forestry activities not mentioned above (e.g. example pruning).
Extraction of minerals (e.g. rock, metal ores, gravel, sand, shell)
Extraction of rocks, gravel, sand, metal ores, loam, clay and shells from quarries, inland water bodies (lakes, river beds) and sea.
Extraction of salt from quarries and saltpans.
Extraction of oil and gas, including infrastructure
Exploration of, development of infrastructure for and extracting petroleum and other liquid hydrocarbons (e.g. deep sea natural gas drilling or hydraulic fracturing on land). Includes oil spills that occur at the drill site.
Coal mining including both open cast and underground mining.
Extraction of peat (e.g. cutting of peat and mechanical removal of peat). Includes drainage associated with peat extraction.
Dumping/depositing of inert materials from terrestrial extraction
Dumping/depositing of inert materials from terrestrial extraction.
Dumping/depositing of dredged materials from marine extraction
Dumping/depositing of dredged materials from marine extraction.
Abandonment or conversion of saltpans (e.g. for aquaculture or rice fields).
Geotechnical surveying for oil and gas exploration and exploration of mines (e.g. seismic marine surveys or surveys to evaluate potential for hydraulic fracturing).
Extraction activities generating point source pollution to surface or ground waters
This pressure should be used to address the point source pollution to surface and ground waters resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. point source pollution from coal mines or at oil and gas exploitation sites should be reported under the respective codes C04 Coal mining or C03 Extraction of oil and gas, including infrastructure).
Extraction activities generating diffuse pollution to ground or surface waters
This pressure should be used to address the diffuse pollution to surface and ground waters resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. diffuse pollution related to coal mining or oil and gas exploitation should be reported under the respective codes C04 Coal mining or C03 Extraction of oil and gas, including infrastructure).
Extraction activities generating marine pollution
This pressure should be used to address marine pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. marine pollution related to oil and gas exploitation should be reported under C03 Extraction of oil and gas, including infrastructure).
Extraction activities generating noise, light or other forms of pollution
This pressure should be used to address the noise, light pollution or pollution by other forms of energy resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. sound wave pollution from marine seismic surveys should be reported as C09 Geotechnical surveying).
Abstraction of surface and ground water for resource extraction
Abstraction of water for processing the exploited materials.
Mining and extraction activities not referred to above
Other mining and extraction activities not mentioned above (e.g. closure of mines).
Wind, wave and tidal power, including infrastructure
Renewable energy (wind, wave and tidal power) generation including development and use of associated infrastructure (e.g. building wind turbines or tidal barrages, collision of birds with wind turbines, damage to coastal habitats or disturbance of marine mammals due to operation of tidal or wave barrages).
Hydropower (dams, weirs, run-off-the-river), including infrastructure
Hydropower generation including development and use of associated infrastructure (e.g. building dams or weirs, changes of hydrological functioning rivers or chemical and thermal properties of water due to operation of dams and weirs).
Renewable energy (solar power) generation including development and use of associated infrastructure (e.g. building solar farms).
Geothermal power generation (including infrastructure)
Renewable energy (geothermal power) generation including development and use of associated infrastructure (e.g. exploitation drills, geothermal wells, managing waste heat, managing pollution from geothermal waters, accidents).
Development and operation of energy production plants (including bioenergy plants, fossil and nuclear energy plants)
Development and operation of energy production plants (e.g. bioenergy plants, fossil and nuclear energy plants).
Transmission of electricity and communications (cables)
Construction, operation and maintenance of power lines and communication infrastructure (e.g. collisions or electrocution of wildlife with phone and power lines).
Construction and operation of oil and gas pipelines in both the marine and terrestrial environment (e.g. negative impact of explosions, air pollution).
Energy production and transmission activities generating pollution to surface or ground waters
This pressure should be used to address the pollution to surface and ground waters resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. pollution from oil pipelines or from geothermal waters should be reported under D07 Oil and gas pipelines or D04 Geothermal power generation (including infrastructure)).
Energy production and transmission activities generating air pollution
This pressure should be used to address the air pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. pollution from fossil energy plants should be reported as D05 Development and operation of energy production plants (including bioenergy plants, fossil and nuclear energy plants)).
Energy production and transmission activities generating marine pollution
This pressure should be used to address the marine pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. pollution from oil pipelines or from geothermal waters should be reported under D07 Oil and gas pipelines or D04 Geothermal power generation (including infrastructure)).
Energy production and transmission activities generating noise pollution
This pressure should be used to address the noise pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. noise pollution from wind, wave or tidal turbines should be reported under D01 Wind, wave and tidal power, including infrastructure)).
Energy production and transmission activities generating light, heat or other forms pollution
This pressure should be used to address the light, heat or other forms pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. heat pollution from cooling waters should be reported under D05 Development and operation of energy production plants (including bioenergy plants, fossil and nuclear energy plants)).
Abstraction of surface and ground water for energy production (excluding hydropower)
Surface water abstraction for energy production (e.g. for cooling in electricity production).
Energy production and transmission activities not referred to above
Other energy production and transmission related activities not mentioned above.
Roads, paths, railroads and related infrastructure (e.g. bridges, viaducts, tunnels)
Construction and operation (e.g. collisions, traffic, noise, light, fencing associated with roads, use of salt for snow cleaning etc.) of road and related infrastructure and related pressures such as animal mortality, habitat fragmentation, improved access to sites via roads and paths.
Shipping lanes and ferry lanes transport operations
Operation and use of marine and inland water transport corridors, as well as pressures linked to transport activities on these freshwater and ocean waterways (e.g. disturbance from shipping at feeding/nesting areas, death or injury by collision, wakes from cargo ship traffic, oil spills from tankers, increased risk of colonisation of islands by invasive species). Includes the anchorage of ships and vessels (industrial, commercial).
Shipping lanes, ferry lanes and anchorage infrastructure (e.g. canalisation, dredging)
Maintenance and construction of marine and inland water shipping lanes, transport corridors or coastal infrastructure for anchorage of ships and vessels (industrial, commercial) including hydrological and morphological modifications for transport (e.g. canalisation, water deviation, barriers and locks, dredging and desilting of waterways for navigational purposes).
Flight paths of planes, helicopter and other non-leisure aircrafts
Transport activities on the flight paths of the aircraft including near airports (e.g. birds collisions with (commercial) aircraft at/near airports).
Land, water and air transport activities generating pollution to surface or ground waters
This pressure should be used to address the pollution to surface or ground waters resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. leaks and spills from commercial freshwater vessels should be reported under E02 Shipping lanes and ferry lanes transport operations).
Land, water and air transport activities generating air pollution
This pressure should be used to address air pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. emissions from particular transportation methods like road transportation vehicles, aircrafts, container ships or ferries should be reported under respective codes E01 Roads, paths, railroads and related infrastructure (e.g. bridges, viaducts, tunnels), E02 Shipping lanes and ferry lanes transport operations or E04 Flight paths of planes, helicopter and other non-leisure aircrafts).
Land, water and air transport activities generating marine pollution
This pressure should be used to address marine pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. oil spills from tankers or fuel oil leaks and discharges from ships and ferries should be reported under E02 Shipping lanes and ferry lanes transport operations).
Land, water and air transport activities generating noise, light and other forms of pollution
This pressure should be used to address noise, light and other forms of pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. noise from shipping should be reported under E02 Shipping lanes and ferry lanes transport operations).
Land, water and air transport activities not referred to above
Other land, water and air transport activities not mentioned above.
Conversion from other land uses to housing, settlement or recreational areas (excluding drainage and modification of coastline, estuary and coastal conditions)
Conversion of natural and semi-natural habitats to housing, settlement or recreational areas. Includes development of dispersed housing. This pressure does not relate only to land use changes that occurred during the reporting period,it also refers to instances where continuing the current land use of a natural/semi-natural habitat prevent the latter from being restored.
Construction or modification (e.g. of housing and settlements) in existing urban or recreational areas
Construction in existing urban or recreational areas, reconstruction of existing buildings and structures, and the demolition of buildings and human structures. This pressure can include e.g. demolishment of structures important for nesting or sheltering of birds and bats, negative impact of isolation or other reconstruction works to nesting birds or bats. Includes deliberate closure of roofs (to prevent bats or birds).
Conversion from other land uses to commercial / industrial areas (excluding drainage and modification of coastline, estuary and coastal conditions)
Conversion of natural and semi-natural habitats to commercial or industrial areas (e.g. building the industrial parks or warehouse zones) or construction of solitary buildings not dedicated to housing and recreation (like solitary buildings for agricultural or forestry use). This pressure relates not only to land use changes that occurred during the reporting period but refers to instances where continuing the current land use of a natural/semi-natural habitat prevent the latter from being restored.
Construction or modification of commercial / industrial infrastructure in existing commercial / industrial areas
Construction in existing commercial or industrial areas, reconstruction of existing buildings and other industrial infrastructure and demolition of buildings and industrial structures. Includes reconstructions and demolishment of solitary buildings not dedicated for housing and recreation (like solitary buildings for agricultural or forestry use).
Creation or development of sports, tourism and leisure infrastructure (outside the urban or recreational areas)
Creation and development of sport and leisure structures outside the urban or recreational areas (e.g. building the ski lifts, cable cars, motocross circuits).
Development and maintenance of beach areas for tourism and recreation incl. beach nourishment and beach cleaning
Activities connected with development and maintenance of recreational coastal areas and beach resorts such as levelling of dunes morphology, beach cleaning (also with mechanical vehicles), beach nourishment, human trampling and overuse, construction of buildings connected to the seaside bathing establishments, marine/beach litter deposition.
Sport, tourism and leisure activities outside the urban and recreational zones (e.g. outdoor sports, leisure aircrafts, drones, human trampling, wildlife watching).
Modification of coastline, estuary and coastal conditions for development, use and protection of residential, commercial, industrial and recreational infrastructure and areas (including sea defences or coastal protection works and infrastructures)
Activities modifying coastline or estuary and coastal conditions triggered by urban development such as development and protection of residential, commercial, industrial and recreational infrastructure and areas. Includes activities like building sea defences and coastal protection infrastructure or maintenance of existing coastal structures (e.g. repairs to existing sea defences, harbour walls).
Deposition and treatment of waste/garbage from household/recreational facilities
Management, including deposition and treatment (e.g. dumps, landfills, incineration and other methods of physical or biological processing) of waste from urban and recreational areas (e.g. household waste, other urban waste like waste from hospitals or from urban green areas, food waste from recreational areas).
Deposition and treatment of waste/garbage from commercial and industrial facilities.
Management, including deposition and treatment (e.g. dumps, landfills, incineration recycling and other methods of physical or chemical processing) of waste from industrial production processes.
Pollution to surface or ground water due to urban run-offs
Pollution from rain and storm water running from urbanised areas carrying pollutants from roads and parking plots as well as fertilizers and pesticides used for urban vegetation.
Discharge of urban waste water (excluding storm overflows and/or urban run-offs) generating pollution to surface or ground water
Discharges of urban waste water (sewage) into surface and ground waters as well as discharges from non-manufacturing commercial areas which can largely be assimilated as urban waste water. Includes also activities related to household waste water treatment.
Plants, contaminated or abandoned industrial sites generating pollution to surface or ground water
Discharges of industrial waste water into surface and ground waters as well as diffuse pollution from contaminated or abandoned industrial sites. Includes also activities related to industrial waste water treatment.
Other residential and recreational activities and structures generating point pollution to surface or ground waters
This pressure should be used to address the point pollution to surface and ground waters originating from urban and recreational areas which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. if the source of the pollution is unknown or pollution is from several different sources).
Other industrial and commercial activities and structures generating point pollution to surface or ground waters
This pressure should be used to address the point pollution to surface and ground waters originating from industrial processes (i.e. from industrial production and processing) and structures which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. if the source of the pollution is unknown or pollution is from several different sources like from production sites together with solid waste treatment and disposal processes).
Other residential and recreational activities and structures generating diffuse pollution to surface or ground waters
This pressure should be used to address the diffuse pollution to surface and ground waters originating from urban and recreational areas which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. if the source of the pollution is unknown or pollution is from several different sources).
Other industrial and commercial activities and structures generating diffuse pollution to surface or ground waters
This pressure should be used to address the diffuse pollution to surface and ground waters originating from industrial processes (i.e. from industrial production and processing) and structures which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. if the source of the pollution is unknown or pollution is from several different sources like from production sites together with solid waste treatment and disposal processes).
Residential and recreational activities and structures generating air pollution
Different activities related to residential and recreational areas generating air pollution (e.g. heating).
Industrial and commercial activities and structures generating air pollution
Industrial activities (i.e. industrial production and processing) generating air pollution (e.g. industrial production).
Residential or recreational activities and structures generating marine pollution (excl. marine macro- and micro-particular pollution)
This pressure should be used to address the marine pollution originating from urban and recreational areas which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. if the source of the pollution is unknown or pollution is from several different sources).
Industrial or commercial activities and structures generating marine pollution (excluding marine macro- and micro-particular pollution)
This pressure should be used to address the marine pollution originating from industrial processes (i.e. from industrial production and processing) and structures which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. if the source of the pollution is unknown or pollution is from several different sources like from production sites together with solid waste treatment and disposal processes).
Residential or recreational activities and structures generating marine macro- and micro- particulate pollution (e.g. plastic bags, Styrofoam)
Different activities (e.g. urban waste disposal, use of products containing micro-particles) related to residential and recreational areas generating marine macro- and micro- particulate pollution (e.g. plastic bags, Styrofoam). Includes micro-residues in benthic habitats.
Industrial or commercial activities and structures generating marine macro- and micro- particulate pollution (e.g. plastic bags, Styrofoam)
Industrial processes (i.e. from industrial production and processing) , storage and transportation of industrial products generating marine macro- and micro- particulate pollution (e.g. plastic bags, Styrofoam). Includes micro-residues in benthic habitats.
Residential or recreational activities and structures generating noise, light, heat or other forms of pollution
Different activities and structures related to residential and recreational areas that generate noise, light, heat or other forms of pollution.
Industrial or commercial activities and structures generating noise, light, heat or other forms of pollution
Industrial processes (i.e. from industrial production and processing) and structures generating noise, light, heat or other forms of pollution.
Drainage, land reclamation and conversion of wetlands, marshes, bogs, etc. to settlement or recreational areas
Drainage, land reclamation and conversion of wetlands (e.g. marshes, bogs, fens, alluvial habitats) to prepare land for construction of human settlements or for use as recreational areas.
Drainage, land reclamation or conversion of wetlands, marshes, bogs, etc. to industrial/commercial areas
Drainage, land reclamation and conversion of wetlands (e.g. marshes, bogs, fens, alluvial habitats) to prepare land for construction of industrial/commercial areas.
Modification of flooding regimes, flood protection for residential or recreational development
Activities modifying physical structure and/or hydrological functioning of water bodies triggered by flood protection of urban and recreational zones (e.g. flood protection dams and reservoirs, river impoundments, canalisation, water deviation, removing bank vegetation).
Construction or development of reservoirs and dams for residential or recreational development
Construction, development, use and maintenance of reservoirs and dams for residential or recreational use (e.g. drinking water supply).
Construction or development of reservoirs and dams for industrial or commercial development
Construction, development, use and maintenance of reservoirs and dams for industrial or commercial development and use (e.g. for industrial cooling).
Other modification of hydrological conditions for residential or recreational development
This pressure should be used to address activities related to development and use of housing and recreational areas and structures modifying physical structure and/or hydrological functioning of water bodies which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures.
Other modification of hydrological conditions for industrial or commercial development
This pressure should be used to address activities related to development and use of industrial areas structures modifying physical structure and/or hydrological functioning of water bodies which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures.
Abstraction of ground and surface waters (including marine) for public water supply and recreational use
Abstraction from ground and surface waters for public water supply and recreational use (e.g. abstraction of fresh/marine water for swimming pools).
Abstraction of ground and surface waters (including marine) for commercial/industrial use (excluding energy)
Abstraction from ground and surface waters (including marine) for commercial/industrial use (e.g. for industrial cooling or industrial processing).
Marine fish and shellfish harvesting (professional, recreational) causing reduction of species/prey populations and disturbance of species
Professional and recreational marine fishing and shellfish harvesting causing increased mortality, reduction of species and/or prey populations and disturbance to species.
Activities related to marine fish and shellfish processing like handling the catch, storing, pre-processing and processing, and waste treatment.
Marine fish and shellfish harvesting (professional, recreational) activities causing physical loss and disturbance of seafloor habitats.
Professional and recreational marine fishing and shellfish harvesting activities causing physical loss and disturbance of seafloor habitats (e.g. bottom trawling, benthic dredging).
Commercial and non-professional harvesting of wild marine macro- and micro-algae .
Freshwater fish and shellfish harvesting (professional)
Professional freshwater fishing and shellfish harvesting causing increased direct mortality, reduction of species and/or prey populations and disturbance to species.
Freshwater fish and shellfish harvesting (recreational)
Recreational freshwater fishing and shellfish harvesting causing increased direct mortality, reduction of species and/or prey populations and disturbance to species.
Hunting causing increased direct mortality, reduction of species and/or prey populations and disturbance to species.
Activities related to management of fishing stocks and game such as stocking or restocking with native fish species (including illegal restocking), management of game population (e.g. control of certain other predators, such as corvids, by gamekeepers), management of game habitat (e.g. burning of heather for Lagopus lagopus), feeding of game, damages due to overabundant game.
Harvesting or collecting of other wild plants and animals (excluding hunting and leisure fishing)
Harvesting or collecting of other wild plants and animals (excluding fish, shellfish and game) for example, honey, fruit or wild mushroom collection, reed cutting/harvesting, orchid collection, butterfly collecting, pillaging of floristic stations.
Illegal shooting, killing or collecting of animal species. This includes, for example, illegal killing of game species, illegal taking of fish, illegal collecting of strictly protected animal species. Also includes hunting, capture or killing using methods and forms referred to in the Article 8 of the Birds Directive (e.g. 'indiscriminate' forms of hunting for birds such as snares) or in Article 15 of the Habitats Directive; or the practice of hunting and fishing activities that do not conform to e.g. quotas or seasonal restrictions.
Illegal harvesting, collecting and taking
Illegal harvesting, collecting and taking of plant species (e.g. collecting strictly protected species or illegal taking of other plants species for which harvesting is regulated).
Bycatch and incidental killing (due to fishing and hunting activities)
Bycatch and incidental killing due to fishing and hunting activities (e.g. 'accidentally' shooting of a non-target species, because of similarities with a target species, capture/drowning on long-lines and in fishing nets, entanglement in discarded/lost fishing gear).
Poisoning of animals (excluding lead poisoning)
Deliberate poisoning of animals including the effect of secondary poisoning.
Use of lead ammunition or fishing weights
Poisoning related to the use of lead shots, lead bullet fragments or fishing weights.
Modification of coastal conditions for marine aquaculture
Activities modifying coastal conditions triggered by marine aquaculture (e.g. habitat loss and degradation in coastal areas due to development and installation of infrastructure). Includes changes like changes in sedimentation rates due to operation of facilities and use of equipment and tools (e.g. for harvesting).
Marine aquaculture generating marine pollution
Marine pollution from marine aquaculture (e.g. nutrient input from feeding, pollution due to use of veterinary products or fertilisers or increased concentrations of organic material). Includes pollution by litter.
Introduction and spread of species (including GMOs) in marine aquaculture
Introduction and/or spread of allochthonous species or allochthonous genotypes and of genetically modified organisms in marine aquaculture. It also includes changes in interspecific relations between native wild species induced by marine aquaculture (e.g. changes in sexual behaviour of autochthonous population due to aquaculture, increased food supply for piscivorous species).
Other impacts from marine aquaculture, including infrastructure
Other impacts from marine aquaculture and development and use of marine aquaculture facilities and infrastructure (e.g. disturbance due to noise and light from construction or operation of aquaculture farms, disturbance from anti-predator devices).
Abstraction of water, flow diversion, dams and other modifications of hydrological conditions for freshwater aquaculture
Abstraction of water, flow deviation, development and operation of dams and reservoirs and other changes to the physical structure of water bodies or hydrological flow or triggered by freshwater aquaculture.
Freshwater aquaculture generating point source pollution to surface or ground waters
Chemical or biological point pollution to surface or ground waters from freshwater aquaculture (e.g. nutrient input from feeding, pollution due to use of veterinary products or increased concentrations of organic material).
Freshwater aquaculture generating diffuse source pollution to surface or ground waters
Chemical or biological diffuse pollution to surface or ground waters from freshwater aquaculture (e.g. nutrient input from feeding, pollution due to use of veterinary products or increased concentrations of organic material).
Freshwater aquaculture generating marine pollution
Chemical or biological marine pollution from freshwater aquaculture (e.g. nutrient input from feeding, pollution due to use of veterinary products or fertilisers or increased concentrations of organic material).
Introduction and spread of species (including alien species and GMOs) in freshwater aquaculture
Introduction and/or spread of allochthonous species or allochthonous genotypes and of genetically modified organisms in freshwater aquaculture. It also includes changes in interspecific relationships between native wild species introduced by aquaculture (e.g. an increase of piscivorous fishes due to aquaculture practices that would exert added pressure on endangered amphibians, increase in food supply for native fish populations).
Other impacts from freshwater aquaculture, including infrastructure
Other impacts from freshwater aquaculture and development and use of freshwater aquaculture facilities and infrastructure (e.g. disturbance due to noise and light from construction or operation of aquaculture farms).
Other activities related to extraction and cultivation of biological living resources not referred to above
Other activities related to extraction and cultivation of biological living resources not referred to above.
Military, paramilitary or police exercises and operations on land
Military, paramilitary or police infrastructure, exercises and operations on land (excluding military bases in urbanised areas). Includes, for example, munitions testing, restricted access to military training areas, military manoeuvres).
Military, paramilitary or police exercises and operations in the freshwater and marine environment
Military, paramilitary or police infrastructure, exercises and operations in the freshwater and marine environment (e.g. collisions with vessels, disturbance by sonar from military vessels).
Abandonment of terrestrial military or similar exercises (loss of open habitats)
Abandonment of terrestrial military or similar exercises (e.g. natural successions on open habitats due to cessation of military activities).
Vandalism or arson, including for example larger scale wildfires initiated by arson.
Tree surgery, felling/removal of roadside trees and vegetation for public safety
Tree surgery, felling or removal of roadside trees and vegetation on the grounds of public safety (including interventions classified as public safety issue).
Closure or restricted access to site/habitat
Closure or restricted access to sites, like fencing of open sites, closure of caves, natural galleries and other types of restricted access to a habitat or site related to protection of private property and human safety.
Intrusive and destructive research and monitoring activities
Applied (intrusive) destructive research. Includes for example collection of animals/plants for scientific purposes.
Other human intrusions and disturbance not mentioned above
Other human intrusions and disturbance not mentioned above (e.g. illegal dumping).
Problems related to invasive alien species of Union concern (under Regulation (EU) No 1143/2014) (e.g. clogging of aquatic habitats by Eichhornia crassipes,predation of adults and chicks/eggs by Myocastor coypus, Nyctereutes procyonoides and Procyon lotor, browsing of understorey habitats by Muntiacus reevesi, competition for food with Procambarus clarkii,hybridisation with Oxyura jamaicensis).
Other invasive alien species (other then species of Union concern)
Problems related to other 'invasive' alien species (any species introduced in modern period that is established in the wild outside its natural range and whose introduction and/or spread represent a threat or a potential threat to habitats and species, regardless of the invasive population dynamics) other than invasive alien species of Union concern (under Regulation (EU) No 1143/2014), for which code I01 should be used) (e.g. predation of adults and chicks/eggs by Genetta genetta, Neovison vison, Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus, loss of (native) prey species owing to competition with Crassostrea gigas,decline in the quality of native vegetation owing to spread of invasive plant species (e.g. Amorpha fruticosa and Hedychium gardnerianum),overgrowing of alluvial and lowland humid habitats with invasive plants (e.g. Solidago gigantea, S. canadensis, Aster lanceolatus, A. novi-belgii, Fallopia japonica, F. sachaliensis and Impatiens glandulifera)).
DO NOT USE Other alien species (not invasive)
This code should not be used for new entries. It has been restored for technical reason.
Harmful plants, animals, that are originally found within the ecosystem(s) in question, but have become out-of-balance directly or indirectly due to human activities. It includes, for example, problems with feral native animals (e.g. cats, dog); overabundant algae due to loss of native grazing fish; predation of adults, fledglings and chicks/eggs by Mus musculus, native Mustela spp., Sus scrofa, Vulpes vulpes and domestic/feral Felis catus; interbreeding with feral Columba livia. This pressure should be used if problems with native species cannot be associated with other more specific drivers/pressures (e.g. when problems with native species can be associated with multiple human activities or more precise activities are unknown).
Plant and animal diseases, pathogens and pests
Problems related to plant and animal diseases, pathogens and pests (including insect and nematode pests) like plague affecting rodents or diseases such as those caused by Clostridium botulinum (avian botulism) and Trichomonas gallinae (trichomoniasis).
Mixed source pollution to surface and ground waters (limnic and terrestrial)
Mixed source pollution to surface and ground waters. Pollution should only be reported under this category when the key driver of the pollution is unclear or where pollution is related to several causes. (e.g. river eutrophication can be related to several direct and indirect sources like sewage, agricultural and industrial discharges, diffuse pollution from agriculture, decreased retention of alluvial vegetation due to inadequate management). Where a key sectoral driver can be identified, pollution should be reported under the corresponding sectoral pollution category.
Mixed source marine water pollution (marine and coastal)
Mixed source marine water pollution (marine and coastal). Pollution should only be reported under this category when the key driver of the pollution is unclear or where pollution is related to several causes (e.g. marine pollution by hydrocarbons can be related to several sources, like industrial discharges, water and land based transport operation, pollution, transport and exploitation accidents). Where a key sectoral driver can be identified, pollution should be reported under the corresponding sectoral pollution category.
Mixed source air pollution, air-borne pollutants
Mixed source air pollution, air-borne pollutants. Pollution should only be reported under this category when the key driver of the pollution is unclear or where pollution is related to several causes (e.g. source of pollutants for acid rain is usually a mix of emissions from vehicles, power plants etc.). Where a key sectoral driver can be identified, pollution should be reported under the corresponding sectoral pollution category.
Mixed source soil pollution and solid waste (excluding discharges)
Mixed source soil pollution and solid waste (excluding discharges). Pollution should only be reported under this category when the key driver of the pollution is unclear or where pollution is related to several causes. Where a key sectoral driver can be identified, pollution should be reported under the corresponding sectoral pollution category.
Mixed source excess energy. Pollution should only be reported under this category when the key driver of the pollution is unclear or where pollution is related to several causes. Where a key sectoral driver can be identified, pollution should be reported under the corresponding sectoral pollution category.
Abstraction from groundwater, surface water or mixed water
Abstractions from groundwater, surface water or mixed water should only be reported under this category when the key driver of the change is unclear or where these changes are related to several causes. Where a key sectoral driver(s) can be identified, the pressure/threat should be reported under the corresponding sectoral category.
Drainage including landfill, land reclamation and drying out should only be reported under this category when the key driver of the change is unclear or where these changes are related to several causes. Where a key sectoral driver(s) can be identified, the pressure/threat should be reported under the corresponding sectoral category.
Development and operation of dams should only be reported under this category when the key driver of the change is unclear or where these changes are related to several causes. Where a key sectoral driver(s) can be identified, the pressure/threat should be reported under the corresponding sectoral category.
Modification of hydrological flow should only be reported under this category when the key driver of the change is unclear or where these changes are related to several causes. Where a key sectoral driver can be identified, the pressure/threat should be reported under the corresponding sectoral category. Includes, for example, modification of flooding regimes or cutting of aquatic and bank vegetation to improve water flow.
Physical alteration of water bodies should only be reported under this category when the key driver of the change is unclear or where these changes are related to several causes. Where a key sectoral driver(s) can be identified, the pressure/threat should be reported under the corresponding sectoral category. Includes, for example, removal of sediments, canalisation and water deviation.
Abiotic natural processes (e.g. erosion, silting up, drying out, submersion, salinization)
Abiotic natural processes (e.g. natural erosion in areas with naturally low vegetation cover). Includes natural abiotic processes only. The abiotic processes resulting from human activities or the abandonment of human activities should be reported under the appropriate pressures, for example, silting up as a result of erosion due to wood transport should be coded as B16 Wood transport.
Natural succession resulting in species composition change (other than by direct changes of agricultural or forestry practices)
Changes in a species composition due to natural succession (e.g. primary succession related to natural siltation of lakes or succession after natural disturbances). Includes natural succession only. Spontaneous succession following the abandonment of farming practices is to be coded using appropriate codes under the category A - Agriculture. Spontaneous succession following the abandonment of traditional forest practices is to be coded using respective codes under the category F - Forestry.
Accumulation of organic material. Includes natural processes accumulation of organic material only (e.g. peat formation) .
Natural processes of eutrophication or acidification
Natural processes of eutrophication or acidification (e.g. natural eutrophication of lakes or natural eutrophication due to natural drying out of peatlands in areas with insufficient precipitation rate). Includes natural processes of acidification or eutrophication only. Eutrophication resulting directly or indirectly from human activities should be reported under the appropriate pressures, for example, eutrophication due to the anthropogenic input of nitrogen should be reported under A20 or eutrophication due to drainage of fens or peatlands should be reported under codes that capture drainage, for example A31.
Reduced fecundity / genetic depression (e.g. inbreeding or endogamy)
Reduced fecundity and/or genetic depression resulting from e.g. inbreeding or endogamy. This pressure should be used for genetic depression in naturally small and/or isolated populations but also in populations which declined and/or became isolated in the past (excluding recent past) due to anthropogenic pressures.
Interspecific relations (competition, predation, parasitism, pathogens)
Interspecific relations (competition, predation, parasitism, pathogens). Includes natural relations (not induced by human activities) like plant pest damages (e.g. infection of seeds, like mildew infection, rust infection etc.), animal pest damages (e.g. damage to the plants reproductive organs by invertebrates, parasites) or native plants hybridization with other plants. Changes in interspecific relationships resulting from human activities should be reported under respective pressures for example I04 or G08.
Absence or reduction of interspecific faunal and floral relations (e.g. pollinators)
Absence or reduction of interspecific relations (e.g. lack of pollinators or lack of prey). Includes absence or reduction of interspecific relations due to natural reasons (e.g. lack of prey due to spread of diseases).
Tidal waves, tsunamis. Includes geologically caused tidal waves/tsunamis.
Avalanche (snow). Includes avalanches which are not triggered by human activities, such as off piste skiing.
Underground collapses (natural processes)
Underground collapses (natural processes).
Storm, cyclone. Direct impact of storm or cyclone such as loss of clutches/broods of coastal-nesting species during storm surges, at-sea mortality ('wrecks') of seabirds during winter storms, damage to nests during high winds, direct impacts of heavy rain.
Natural flooding causing e.g. loss of nests of species nesting on the ground or in emergent vegetation along rivers, in marshes and low-lying areas such as floodplains; reduced access to food resources in these areas during prolonged flooding.
Natural fires (e.g. natural forest fires).
Temperature changes (e.g. rise of temperature & extremes) due to climate change
Periods in which temperatures exceed or go below the normal range of variation. Includes, for example, heat waves, cold spells, oceanic temperature changes, disappearance of glaciers/sea ice.
Droughts and decreases in precipitation due to climate change
Periods in which rainfall falls below the normal range of variation. Includes, for example, severe lack of rain, loss of surface water sources.
Increases or changes in precipitation due to climate change
Increased precipitation due to climate change. Also includes increased quantity and intensity of storms.
Sea-level and wave exposure changes due to climate change
Sea-level and wave exposure changes due to climate change.
Change of habitat location, size, and / or quality due to climate change
Change of habitat location, size, and / or quality due to climate change (e.g. changes in pH or ocean acidification).
Desynchronisation of biological / ecological processes due to climate change
Desynchronisation of biological / ecological processes due to climate change.
Decline or extinction of related species (e.g. food source / prey, predator / parasite, symbiote, etc.) due to climate change
Decline or extinction of related species (e.g. food source / prey, predator / parasite, symbiote, etc.) due to climate change.
Change of species distribution (natural newcomers) due to climate change
Change of species distribution (natural newcomers) due to climate change.
Other climate related changes in abiotic conditions
Other climate related changes in abiotic conditions e.g. water flow changes (limnic, tidal and oceanic) due to climate change.
Pressure is acting, but not possible to clearly identify.
Threats and pressures from outside the EU territory
Threats and pressures from outside the EU territory (for the Article 17 reporting only).
Threats and pressures from outside the Member State
Threats and pressures from outside the Member State (for the Article 17 reporting only).