Threats and pressures
type: ConceptScheme
notation: threats
is part of: art12 2018
registration status: Public draft
user modified: demo_user
date modified: 2018-05-18 12:38:04.0
vocabulary type: Common
is numeric concept identifiers: false
is notations equal identifiers: false

Conversion into agricultural land (excluding drainage and burning)
type: Concept
notation: A01
definition: Conversion of natural and semi-natural non-agricultural habitats (e.g. semi-natural forests) and non-agricultural habitats of species targeted by the nature directives into agricultural land (e.g. pastures, meadows, arable fields). This pressure does not relate only to land use changes that occurred during the reporting period but it refers to instances where continuing the agricultural use of originally non-agricultural habitat prevent the latter from being restored (e.g. in case of land use conflicts between agriculture and nature conservation).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Conversion from one type of agricultural land use to another (excluding drainage and burning)
type: Concept
notation: A02
definition: Conversion of agricultural habitats into other types of agricultural habitats. This pressure often refers to conversion of semi-natural agricultural habitats (e.g. meadows) into intensive production areas (e.g. sawn grasslands or arable fields) but it also includes more subtle changes, mostly of habitat conditions (e.g. change of crops or a move from spring-sown to autumn/winter-sown cereals causing denser/taller crop structure earlier in the nesting season or earlier harvesting) or other types of conversion (e.g. rice paddies into other types of culture). This pressure does not relate only to land use changes that occurred during the reporting period but it refers to instances where continuing the current agricultural use of a habitat prevent the latter from being restored (e.g. in cases of land use conflicts between agriculture and nature conservation).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Conversion from mixed farming and agroforestry systems to specialised (e.g. single crop) production
type: Concept
notation: A03
definition: Large scale changes (affecting the habitat at landscape level or landscape functions like connectivity or nutrient cycling) of agricultural systems from traditional mixed or diversified farming and agroforestry into intensive specialised farming (e.g. single crop).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Changes in terrain and surface of agricultural areas
type: Concept
notation: A04
definition: Changes in terrain and surface of agricultural areas due to, for example, restructuring of slopes, terracing, levelling, rock crushing or other changes of terrain to, for example, facilitate the use of machinery or manage runoff of rain water or to prepare new terrains for agricultural production.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Removal of small landscape features for agricultural land parcel consolidation (hedges, stone walls, rushes, open ditches, springs, solitary trees, etc.)
type: Concept
notation: A05
definition: Removal of single landscape features or small scale parcel consolidation (e.g. removal of hedges between two existing arable fields, to facilitate use of farm machinery).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Abandonment of grassland management (e.g. cessation of grazing or mowing)
type: Concept
notation: A06
definition: Abandonment of traditional agricultural practices in grasslands such as cessation of mowing or abandonment of traditional pastoral systems like itinerant grazing in mountain areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Abandonment of management/use of other agricultural and agroforestry systems (all except grassland)
type: Concept
notation: A07
definition: Abandonment of traditional management systems or use of other agricultural systems (excluding grasslands), such as the abandonment of traditional farming, abandonment of mowing, grazing and other traditional uses of fens, mires, heathland or agroforestry habitats.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Mowing or cutting of grasslands
type: Concept
notation: A08
definition: Inappropriate techniques or timing of mowing, for example mowing at inappropriate times, mowing with too high a frequency, using machinery or inadequate machinery for mowing of grasslands or leaving dead material after mowing on the ground (mulching).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Intensive grazing or overgrazing by livestock
type: Concept
notation: A09
definition: Intensive grazing or overgrazing by livestock in agricultural and agroforestry habitats (e.g. pastures, meadows, pastured forests) where grazing causes damage to vegetation or soil (e.g. trampling, nitrogen input) or where livestock presents a disturbance or a competitor for species targeted by the nature directives. Includes intensive grazing in other habitats in agricultural landscapes (riparian areas, bogs, scrubs and forests) where grazing causes damage to vegetation or habitats.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Extensive grazing or undergrazing by livestock
type: Concept
notation: A10
definition: Insufficient grazing or undergrazing that causes, for example, changes in species composition, or extensive grazing in inappropriate habitats like meadows or bogs.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Burning for agriculture
type: Concept
notation: A11
definition: Burning as an agricultural practice, for example, to create a pasture, or burning agricultural waste like crop stubble.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Suppression of fire for agriculture
type: Concept
notation: A12
definition: Suppression or lack of controlled burning used as a traditional management practice e.g. of heaths in wet and cold regions of Europe.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Reseeding of grasslands and other semi-natural habitats
type: Concept
notation: A13
definition: Reseeding of grasslands and other semi-natural habitats.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Livestock farming (without grazing)
type: Concept
notation: A14
definition: Other activities, except grazing, related to livestock farming, like animal breeding (e.g. causing point or diffuse pollution), livestock feeding or use of veterinary drugs (e.g. causing increased mortality of scavengers like vultures as a consequence of 'incidental poisoning' following the consumption of livestock carcasses treated with veterinary drugs). Includes abandonment of traditional processes related to livestock (e.g. closure of traditional livestock carcass dumps causing loss of food resources for vultures).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Tillage practices (e.g. ploughing) in agriculture
type: Concept
notation: A15
definition: Inappropriate techniques or timing of tillage, for example, ploughing at inappropriate times, using inadequate machinery for ploughing or the inappropriate use of tillage (e.g. tillage in grasslands).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Other soil management practices in agriculture
type: Concept
notation: A16
definition: Inappropriate use of soil management practices in agriculture or inappropriate techniques/timing of soil management other than tillage.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Harvesting of crops and cutting of croplands
type: Concept
notation: A17
definition: Inappropriate techniques and timing of harvesting, for example, use of machinery for harvesting, use of inadequate machinery for harvesting (e.g. more efficient machinery may reduce the amount of unharvested/spilt grain available as food) or inappropriate harvesting periods (e.g. harvesting too early in season, harvesting during the night). Includes the cutting of vegetation along the edges of fields.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Irrigation of agricultural land
type: Concept
notation: A18
definition: Input of water into semi-natural or extensive agricultural habitats (e.g. irrigation of olive orchards) possibly leading to changes in species composition or increased production. Includes the installation of irrigation infrastructure.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Application of natural fertilisers on agricultural land
type: Concept
notation: A19
definition: Use, application, treatment and stocking of natural fertilisers (e.g. manure, slurry) for agricultural production.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Application of synthetic (mineral) fertilisers on agricultural land
type: Concept
notation: A20
definition: Use, application, treatment and stocking of synthetic fertilisers for agricultural production.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Use of plant protection chemicals in agriculture
type: Concept
notation: A21
definition: Use of plant protection chemicals in agriculture (e.g. pesticides, fungicides, growth retardants, hormones, seed coatings etc.).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Use of physical plant protection in agriculture
type: Concept
notation: A22
definition: Use of physical plant protection in agriculture (e.g. weed picking or netting/cages for fruit ).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Use of other pest control methods in agriculture (excluding tillage)
type: Concept
notation: A23
definition: Use of other pest control methods in agriculture (e.g. biocontrol)
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Waste management practices in agriculture
type: Concept
notation: A24
definition: Management of waste in agriculture (e.g. temporary holding of solutions like manure storage ponds/lagoons or deposition of waste).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Agricultural activities generating point source pollution to surface or ground waters
type: Concept
notation: A25
definition: This pressure addresses point source water pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. point pollution from an animal farm should be reported as A14 Livestock farming (without grazing)).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Agricultural activities generating diffuse pollution to surface or ground waters
type: Concept
notation: A26
definition: This pressure addresses diffuse water pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. diffuse pollution due to the application of fertilisers or plant protection chemicals should be reported under respective activities A20 Application of synthetic (mineral) fertilisers on agricultural land or A21 Use of plant protection chemicals in agriculture).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Agricultural activities generating air pollution
type: Concept
notation: A27
definition: This pressure addresses air pollution resulting from agricultural activities and agricultural land use.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Agricultural activities generating marine pollution
type: Concept
notation: A28
definition: This pressure addresses point or diffuse source marine pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. diffuse pollution due to application of fertilisers or plant protection chemicals should be reported under respective activities A20 Application of synthetic (mineral) fertilisers on agricultural land or A21 Use of plant protection chemicals in agriculture).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Agricultural activities generating soil pollution
type: Concept
notation: A29
definition: This pressure should be used to address the pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. diffuse pollution due to application of fertilisers or plant protection chemicals should be reported under respective activities A20 Application of synthetic (mineral) fertilisers on agricultural land or A21 Use of plant protection chemicals in agriculture).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Active abstractions from groundwater, surface water or mixed water for agriculture
type: Concept
notation: A30
definition: Abstraction of water for use in agriculture e.g. for irrigation or in large scale animal breeding.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Drainage for use as agricultural land
type: Concept
notation: A31
definition: Activities like water abstraction, hydrological modifications, canalisation aimed at draining natural or semi-natural habitats for the use as agricultural land (e.g. drainage of wetlands for agriculture).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Development and operation of dams for agriculture
type: Concept
notation: A32
definition: Development and operation of dams for agriculture (e.g. for irrigation).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Modification of hydrological flow or physical alteration of water bodies for agriculture (excluding development and operation of dams)
type: Concept
notation: A33
definition: Activities modifying physical structure or hydrological functioning of water bodies triggered by agricultural production (e.g. altering of flooding regimes, altering regimes of rivers to keep sufficient water supply for irrigation, cleaning irrigation canals, canalisation of rivers and cutting of the oxbow lakes).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Introduction and spread of new crops (including GMOs)
type: Concept
notation: A34
definition: Introduction and/or spread of new crops (e.g. crops producing pollen toxic for pollinators) and GMOs.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Agricultural crops for renewable energy production
type: Concept
notation: A35
definition: Conversion of agricultural or non-agricultural habitats into areas of agricultural production of renewable energy stocks, and other pressures arising from the agricultural production of energy crops.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Agriculture activities not referred to above
type: Concept
notation: A36
definition: Other agricultural activities not mentioned above.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Conversion to forest from other land uses, or afforestation (excluding drainage)
type: Concept
notation: B01
definition: Increase in forest area, including planting of forests on grassland or heathland, or converting shrubs into forest. This pressure does not relate only to land use changes that occurred during the reporting period but it refers to instances where continuing the current forestry use of a natural/semi-natural habitat prevents the latter from being restored (e.g. in cases of land use conflicts between forestry and nature conservation for the restoration of some heathlands and peats, which were in the past afforested and are currently being managed and replanted as forests).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Conversion to other types of forests including monocultures
type: Concept
notation: B02
definition: Conversion of forest habitats into another type of forest habitat, often conversion from extensive forests into production forests (e.g. conversion to monocultures) but also other types of conversion (e.g. conversion from coppice to high forest or changes of tree species composition). Includes deliberate changes. Passive abandonment of traditional forest management should be reported as B04. This pressure does not relate only to land use changes that occurred during the reporting period but it refers to instances where continuing the current forestry use of a natural/semi-natural habitat prevent the latter from being restored (e.g. in case of land use conflicts between forestry and nature conservation).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Replanting with or introducing non-native or non-typical species (including new species and GMOs)
type: Concept
notation: B03
definition: Replanting with non-native (including new tree species and genetically modified organisms) or non-typical species (i.e. native species which do not naturally occur as a part of a specific forest type or within a specific region) after forest exploitation or planting non-native or non-typical species in existing forests.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Abandonment of traditional forest management
type: Concept
notation: B04
definition: Abandonment of traditional management and maintenance of secondary forest habitats such as some oak and oak-hornbeam forests, chestnut forests or lichen-pine forests.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Logging without replanting or natural regrowth
type: Concept
notation: B05
definition: Decline in forest area due to non-replanting or absence of natural regrowth after forest exploitation.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Logging (excluding clear cutting) of individual trees
type: Concept
notation: B06
definition: Logging (of individual trees) causing damage to e.g. standing trees, forest undergrowth or soil and springs.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Removal of dead and dying trees, including debris
type: Concept
notation: B07
definition: Removal of dead and dying trees (e.g. to prevent forestry pests) and removal of fallen wood (e.g. for firewood collection, fire prevention or enabling access by machinery).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Removal of old trees (excluding dead or dying trees)
type: Concept
notation: B08
definition: Targeted removal of old trees (e.g. to preserve the forest structure or to improve regeneration). Includes logging of mature trees (trees with a high potential to become old) in forests with a diverse age structure.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Clear-cutting, removal of all trees
type: Concept
notation: B09
definition: Forest clearance (small to large scale removal of all trees) causing damage to forest habitat or habitats of species targeted by the nature directives, to soil or springs or other physical features.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Illegal logging
type: Concept
notation: B10
definition: Illegal logging e.g. organised illegal timber extraction.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Cork extraction and forest exploitation excluding logging.
type: Concept
notation: B11
definition: Forest exploitation activities (e.g. cork extraction), excluding timber logging.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Thinning of tree layer
type: Concept
notation: B12
definition: Removal of trees (including logging) of a certain tree layer(s) (upper or lower) in order to favour selected trees or to promote natural regeneration. Includes damage to soil, springs, forest habitats and undergrowth due to thinning.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Burning for forestry
type: Concept
notation: B13
definition: Burning as a forestry practice (e.g. burning waste after exploitation).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Suppression of fire for forestry
type: Concept
notation: B14
definition: Suppression of forest management practices using controlled burning and fire.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Forest management reducing old growth forests.
type: Concept
notation: B15
definition: Shortening of logging rotations or other activities like thinning aimed at earlier logging.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Wood transport
type: Concept
notation: B16
definition: Construction and maintenance of logging roads and tracks (closed to public circulation), wood transport within forest (damaging forest undergrowth, soil and springs) and poor management of wood transport (e.g. leaving the felled wood in piles in forests during summer or damage to soil).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Tillage practices in forestry and other soil management practices in forestry
type: Concept
notation: B17
definition: Using tillage or other soil management practices in forestry (e.g. preparation of soil for forest replanting).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Application of natural fertilisers
type: Concept
notation: B18
definition: Use, application, treatment and stocking of natural fertilisers (e.g. manure, slurry) in forestry.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Application of synthetic fertilisers in forestry, including liming of forest soils
type: Concept
notation: B19
definition: Use, application, treatment and stocking of synthetic fertilisers in forestry.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Use of plant protection chemicals in forestry
type: Concept
notation: B20
definition: Use of plant protection chemicals in forestry (e.g. pesticides, fungicides, pheromones or repulsives).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Use of physical plant protection in forestry, excluding tree layer thinning
type: Concept
notation: B21
definition: Use of physical or mechanical plant protection in forestry (e.g. exclosure fencing, protective cages/sleeves around trees/saplings, cutting weeds, mulching).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Use of other pest control methods in forestry
type: Concept
notation: B22
definition: Use of other pest control methods in forestry (e.g. biocontrol).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Forestry activities generating pollution to surface or ground waters
type: Concept
notation: B23
definition: This pressure addresses diffuse water pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. diffuse pollution due to application of fertilisers or plant protection chemicals should be reported under respective activities B19, Application of synthetic fertilisers in forestry, including liming of forest soils or B21 Use of physical plant protection in forestry, excluding tree layer thinning).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Forestry activities generating air pollution
type: Concept
notation: B24
definition: This pressure addresses air pollution resulting from forestry activities.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Forestry activities generating marine pollution
type: Concept
notation: B25
definition: This pressure addresses marine pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. marine pollution due to the application of fertilisers or plant protection chemicals should be reported under respective activities B19 Application of synthetic fertilisers in forestry, including liming of forest soils or B21 Use of physical plant protection in forestry, excluding tree layer thinning).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Forestry activities generating soil pollution
type: Concept
notation: B26
definition: This pressure addresses soil pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. soil pollution due to application of fertilisers or plant protection chemicals should be reported under respective activities B19 Application of synthetic fertilisers in forestry, including liming of forest soils or B21 Use of physical plant protection in forestry, excluding tree layer thinning) .
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Modification of hydrological conditions, or physical alteration of water bodies and drainage for forestry (including dams)
type: Concept
notation: B27
definition: Activities modifying the physical structure or hydrological functioning of water bodies triggered by forestry production and exploitation, and activities aimed at drying out the land to facilitate forestry production or exploitation (e.g. altering of flooding regimes, canalisation of rivers, cutting of the oxbow lakes, building draining canals).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Forests for renewable energy production
type: Concept
notation: B28
definition: Conversion of forest or non-forest habitats into short rotation coppices (e.g. coppices of willow, poplar or eucalyptus) or converting or maintaining existing forest as short rotation coppices/forests (e.g. chestnut forests) for biomass production and other pressures from forestry biomass production.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Other forestry activities, excluding those relating to agro-forestry
type: Concept
notation: B29
definition: Other forestry activities not mentioned above (e.g. example pruning).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Extraction of minerals (e.g. rock, metal ores, gravel, sand, shell)
type: Concept
notation: C01
definition: Extraction of rocks, gravel, sand, metal ores, loam, clay and shells from quarries, inland water bodies (lakes, river beds) and sea.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Extraction of salt
type: Concept
notation: C02
definition: Extraction of salt from quarries and saltpans.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Extraction of oil and gas, including infrastructure
type: Concept
notation: C03
definition: Exploration of, development of infrastructure for and extracting petroleum and other liquid hydrocarbons (e.g. deep sea natural gas drilling or hydraulic fracturing on land). Includes oil spills that occur at the drill site.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Coal mining
type: Concept
notation: C04
definition: Coal mining including both open cast and underground mining.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Peat extraction
type: Concept
notation: C05
definition: Extraction of peat (e.g. cutting of peat and mechanical removal of peat). Includes drainage associated with peat extraction.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Dumping/depositing of inert materials from terrestrial extraction
type: Concept
notation: C06
definition: Dumping/depositing of inert materials from terrestrial extraction.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Dumping/depositing of dredged materials from marine extraction
type: Concept
notation: C07
definition: Dumping/depositing of dredged materials from marine extraction.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Abandonment or conversion of saltpans
type: Concept
notation: C08
definition: Abandonment or conversion of saltpans (e.g. for aquaculture or rice fields).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Geotechnical surveying
type: Concept
notation: C09
definition: Geotechnical surveying for oil and gas exploration and exploration of mines (e.g. seismic marine surveys or surveys to evaluate potential for hydraulic fracturing).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Extraction activities generating point source pollution to surface or ground waters
type: Concept
notation: C10
definition: This pressure should be used to address the point source pollution to surface and ground waters resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. point source pollution from coal mines or at oil and gas exploitation sites should be reported under the respective codes C04 Coal mining or C03 Extraction of oil and gas, including infrastructure).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Extraction activities generating diffuse pollution to ground or surface waters
type: Concept
notation: C11
definition: This pressure should be used to address the diffuse pollution to surface and ground waters resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. diffuse pollution related to coal mining or oil and gas exploitation should be reported under the respective codes C04 Coal mining or C03 Extraction of oil and gas, including infrastructure).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Extraction activities generating marine pollution
type: Concept
notation: C12
definition: This pressure should be used to address marine pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. marine pollution related to oil and gas exploitation should be reported under C03 Extraction of oil and gas, including infrastructure).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Extraction activities generating noise, light or other forms of pollution
type: Concept
notation: C13
definition: This pressure should be used to address the noise, light pollution or pollution by other forms of energy resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. sound wave pollution from marine seismic surveys should be reported as C09 Geotechnical surveying).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Abstraction of surface and ground water for resource extraction
type: Concept
notation: C14
definition: Abstraction of water for processing the exploited materials.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Mining and extraction activities not referred to above
type: Concept
notation: C15
definition: Other mining and extraction activities not mentioned above (e.g. closure of mines).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Wind, wave and tidal power, including infrastructure
type: Concept
notation: D01
definition: Renewable energy (wind, wave and tidal power) generation including development and use of associated infrastructure (e.g. building wind turbines or tidal barrages, collision of birds with wind turbines, damage to coastal habitats or disturbance of marine mammals due to operation of tidal or wave barrages).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Hydropower (dams, weirs, run-off-the-river), including infrastructure
type: Concept
notation: D02
definition: Hydropower generation including development and use of associated infrastructure (e.g. building dams or weirs, changes of hydrological functioning rivers or chemical and thermal properties of water due to operation of dams and weirs).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Solar power, including infrastructure
type: Concept
notation: D03
definition: Renewable energy (solar power) generation including development and use of associated infrastructure (e.g. building solar farms).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Geothermal power generation (including infrastructure)
type: Concept
notation: D04
definition: Renewable energy (geothermal power) generation including development and use of associated infrastructure (e.g. exploitation drills, geothermal wells, managing waste heat, managing pollution from geothermal waters, accidents).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Development and operation of energy production plants (including bioenergy plants, fossil and nuclear energy plants)
type: Concept
notation: D05
definition: Development and operation of energy production plants (e.g. bioenergy plants, fossil and nuclear energy plants).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Transmission of electricity and communications (cables)
type: Concept
notation: D06
definition: Construction, operation and maintenance of power lines and communication infrastructure (e.g. collisions or electrocution of wildlife with phone and power lines).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Oil and gas pipelines
type: Concept
notation: D07
definition: Construction and operation of oil and gas pipelines in both the marine and terrestrial environment (e.g. negative impact of explosions, air pollution).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Energy production and transmission activities generating pollution to surface or ground waters
type: Concept
notation: D08
definition: This pressure should be used to address the pollution to surface and ground waters resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. pollution from oil pipelines or from geothermal waters should be reported under D07 Oil and gas pipelines or D04 Geothermal power generation (including infrastructure)).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Energy production and transmission activities generating air pollution
type: Concept
notation: D09
definition: This pressure should be used to address the air pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. pollution from fossil energy plants should be reported as D05 Development and operation of energy production plants (including bioenergy plants, fossil and nuclear energy plants)).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Energy production and transmission activities generating marine pollution
type: Concept
notation: D10
definition: This pressure should be used to address the marine pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. pollution from oil pipelines or from geothermal waters should be reported under D07 Oil and gas pipelines or D04 Geothermal power generation (including infrastructure)).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Energy production and transmission activities generating noise pollution
type: Concept
notation: D11
definition: This pressure should be used to address the noise pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. noise pollution from wind, wave or tidal turbines should be reported under D01 Wind, wave and tidal power, including infrastructure)).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Energy production and transmission activities generating light, heat or other forms pollution
type: Concept
notation: D12
definition: This pressure should be used to address the light, heat or other forms pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. heat pollution from cooling waters should be reported under D05 Development and operation of energy production plants (including bioenergy plants, fossil and nuclear energy plants)).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Abstraction of surface and ground water for energy production (excluding hydropower)
type: Concept
notation: D13
definition: Surface water abstraction for energy production (e.g. for cooling in electricity production).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Energy production and transmission activities not referred to above
type: Concept
notation: D14
definition: Other energy production and transmission related activities not mentioned above.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Roads, paths, railroads and related infrastructure (e.g. bridges, viaducts, tunnels)
type: Concept
notation: E01
definition: Construction and operation (e.g. collisions, traffic, noise, light, fencing associated with roads, use of salt for snow cleaning etc.) of road and related infrastructure and related pressures such as animal mortality, habitat fragmentation, improved access to sites via roads and paths.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Shipping lanes and ferry lanes transport operations
type: Concept
notation: E02
definition: Operation and use of marine and inland water transport corridors, as well as pressures linked to transport activities on these freshwater and ocean waterways (e.g. disturbance from shipping at feeding/nesting areas, death or injury by collision, wakes from cargo ship traffic, oil spills from tankers, increased risk of colonisation of islands by invasive species). Includes the anchorage of ships and vessels (industrial, commercial).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Shipping lanes, ferry lanes and anchorage infrastructure (e.g. canalisation, dredging)
type: Concept
notation: E03
definition: Maintenance and construction of marine and inland water shipping lanes, transport corridors or coastal infrastructure for anchorage of ships and vessels (industrial, commercial) including hydrological and morphological modifications for transport (e.g. canalisation, water deviation, barriers and locks, dredging and desilting of waterways for navigational purposes).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Flight paths of planes, helicopter and other non-leisure aircrafts
type: Concept
notation: E04
definition: Transport activities on the flight paths of the aircraft including near airports (e.g. birds collisions with (commercial) aircraft at/near airports).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Land, water and air transport activities generating pollution to surface or ground waters
type: Concept
notation: E05
definition: This pressure should be used to address the pollution to surface or ground waters resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. leaks and spills from commercial freshwater vessels should be reported under E02 Shipping lanes and ferry lanes transport operations).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Land, water and air transport activities generating air pollution
type: Concept
notation: E06
definition: This pressure should be used to address air pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. emissions from particular transportation methods like road transportation vehicles, aircrafts, container ships or ferries should be reported under respective codes E01 Roads, paths, railroads and related infrastructure (e.g. bridges, viaducts, tunnels), E02 Shipping lanes and ferry lanes transport operations or E04 Flight paths of planes, helicopter and other non-leisure aircrafts).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Land, water and air transport activities generating marine pollution
type: Concept
notation: E07
definition: This pressure should be used to address marine pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. oil spills from tankers or fuel oil leaks and discharges from ships and ferries should be reported under E02 Shipping lanes and ferry lanes transport operations).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Land, water and air transport activities generating noise, light and other forms of pollution
type: Concept
notation: E08
definition: This pressure should be used to address noise, light and other forms of pollution resulting from activities which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. noise from shipping should be reported under E02 Shipping lanes and ferry lanes transport operations).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Land, water and air transport activities not referred to above
type: Concept
notation: E09
definition: Other land, water and air transport activities not mentioned above.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Conversion from other land uses to housing, settlement or recreational areas (excluding drainage and modification of coastline, estuary and coastal conditions)
type: Concept
notation: F01
definition: Conversion of natural and semi-natural habitats to housing, settlement or recreational areas. Includes development of dispersed housing. This pressure does not relate only to land use changes that occurred during the reporting period,it also refers to instances where continuing the current land use of a natural/semi-natural habitat prevent the latter from being restored.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Construction or modification (e.g. of housing and settlements) in existing urban or recreational areas
type: Concept
notation: F02
definition: Construction in existing urban or recreational areas, reconstruction of existing buildings and structures, and the demolition of buildings and human structures. This pressure can include e.g. demolishment of structures important for nesting or sheltering of birds and bats, negative impact of isolation or other reconstruction works to nesting birds or bats. Includes deliberate closure of roofs (to prevent bats or birds).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Conversion from other land uses to commercial / industrial areas (excluding drainage and modification of coastline, estuary and coastal conditions)
type: Concept
notation: F03
definition: Conversion of natural and semi-natural habitats to commercial or industrial areas (e.g. building the industrial parks or warehouse zones) or construction of solitary buildings not dedicated to housing and recreation (like solitary buildings for agricultural or forestry use). This pressure relates not only to land use changes that occurred during the reporting period but refers to instances where continuing the current land use of a natural/semi-natural habitat prevent the latter from being restored.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Construction or modification of commercial / industrial infrastructure in existing commercial / industrial areas
type: Concept
notation: F04
definition: Construction in existing commercial or industrial areas, reconstruction of existing buildings and other industrial infrastructure and demolition of buildings and industrial structures. Includes reconstructions and demolishment of solitary buildings not dedicated for housing and recreation (like solitary buildings for agricultural or forestry use).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Creation or development of sports, tourism and leisure infrastructure (outside the urban or recreational areas)
type: Concept
notation: F05
definition: Creation and development of sport and leisure structures outside the urban or recreational areas (e.g. building the ski lifts, cable cars, motocross circuits).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Development and maintenance of beach areas for tourism and recreation incl. beach nourishment and beach cleaning
type: Concept
notation: F06
definition: Activities connected with development and maintenance of recreational coastal areas and beach resorts such as levelling of dunes morphology, beach cleaning (also with mechanical vehicles), beach nourishment, human trampling and overuse, construction of buildings connected to the seaside bathing establishments, marine/beach litter deposition.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Sports, tourism and leisure activities
type: Concept
notation: F07
definition: Sport, tourism and leisure activities outside the urban and recreational zones (e.g. outdoor sports, leisure aircrafts, drones, human trampling, wildlife watching).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

F08
type: Concept
notation: F08
preferred label: Modification of coastline, estuary and coastal conditions for development, use and protection of residential, commercial, industrial and recreational infrastructure and areas (including sea defences or coastal protection works and infrastructures)
definition: Activities modifying coastline or estuary and coastal conditions triggered by urban development such as development and protection of residential, commercial, industrial and recreational infrastructure and areas. Includes activities like building sea defences and coastal protection infrastructure or maintenance of existing coastal structures (e.g. repairs to existing sea defences, harbour walls).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Deposition and treatment of waste/garbage from household/recreational facilities
type: Concept
notation: F09
definition: Management, including deposition and treatment (e.g. dumps, landfills, incineration and other methods of physical or biological processing) of waste from urban and recreational areas (e.g. household waste, other urban waste like waste from hospitals or from urban green areas, food waste from recreational areas).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Deposition and treatment of waste/garbage from commercial and industrial facilities.
type: Concept
notation: F10
definition: Management, including deposition and treatment (e.g. dumps, landfills, incineration recycling and other methods of physical or chemical processing) of waste from industrial production processes.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Pollution to surface or ground water due to urban run-offs
type: Concept
notation: F11
definition: Pollution from rain and storm water running from urbanised areas carrying pollutants from roads and parking plots as well as fertilizers and pesticides used for urban vegetation.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Discharge of urban waste water (excluding storm overflows and/or urban run-offs) generating pollution to surface or ground water
type: Concept
notation: F12
definition: Discharges of urban waste water (sewage) into surface and ground waters as well as discharges from non-manufacturing commercial areas which can largely be assimilated as urban waste water. Includes also activities related to household waste water treatment.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Plants, contaminated or abandoned industrial sites generating pollution to surface or ground water
type: Concept
notation: F13
definition: Discharges of industrial waste water into surface and ground waters as well as diffuse pollution from contaminated or abandoned industrial sites. Includes also activities related to industrial waste water treatment.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Other residential and recreational activities and structures generating point pollution to surface or ground waters
type: Concept
notation: F14
definition: This pressure should be used to address the point pollution to surface and ground waters originating from urban and recreational areas which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. if the source of the pollution is unknown or pollution is from several different sources).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Other industrial and commercial activities and structures generating point pollution to surface or ground waters
type: Concept
notation: F15
definition: This pressure should be used to address the point pollution to surface and ground waters originating from industrial processes (i.e. from industrial production and processing) and structures which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. if the source of the pollution is unknown or pollution is from several different sources like from production sites together with solid waste treatment and disposal processes).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Other residential and recreational activities and structures generating diffuse pollution to surface or ground waters
type: Concept
notation: F16
definition: This pressure should be used to address the diffuse pollution to surface and ground waters originating from urban and recreational areas which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. if the source of the pollution is unknown or pollution is from several different sources).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Other industrial and commercial activities and structures generating diffuse pollution to surface or ground waters
type: Concept
notation: F17
definition: This pressure should be used to address the diffuse pollution to surface and ground waters originating from industrial processes (i.e. from industrial production and processing) and structures which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. if the source of the pollution is unknown or pollution is from several different sources like from production sites together with solid waste treatment and disposal processes).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Residential and recreational activities and structures generating air pollution
type: Concept
notation: F18
definition: Different activities related to residential and recreational areas generating air pollution (e.g. heating).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Industrial and commercial activities and structures generating air pollution
type: Concept
notation: F19
definition: Industrial activities (i.e. industrial production and processing) generating air pollution (e.g. industrial production).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Residential or recreational activities and structures generating marine pollution (excl. marine macro- and micro-particular pollution)
type: Concept
notation: F20
definition: This pressure should be used to address the marine pollution originating from urban and recreational areas which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. if the source of the pollution is unknown or pollution is from several different sources).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Industrial or commercial activities and structures generating marine pollution (excluding marine macro- and micro-particular pollution)
type: Concept
notation: F21
definition: This pressure should be used to address the marine pollution originating from industrial processes (i.e. from industrial production and processing) and structures which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures (e.g. if the source of the pollution is unknown or pollution is from several different sources like from production sites together with solid waste treatment and disposal processes).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Residential or recreational activities and structures generating marine macro- and micro- particulate pollution (e.g. plastic bags, Styrofoam)
type: Concept
notation: F22
definition: Different activities (e.g. urban waste disposal, use of products containing micro-particles) related to residential and recreational areas generating marine macro- and micro- particulate pollution (e.g. plastic bags, Styrofoam). Includes micro-residues in benthic habitats.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Industrial or commercial activities and structures generating marine macro- and micro- particulate pollution (e.g. plastic bags, Styrofoam)
type: Concept
notation: F23
definition: Industrial processes (i.e. from industrial production and processing) , storage and transportation of industrial products generating marine macro- and micro- particulate pollution (e.g. plastic bags, Styrofoam). Includes micro-residues in benthic habitats.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Residential or recreational activities and structures generating noise, light, heat or other forms of pollution
type: Concept
notation: F24
definition: Different activities and structures related to residential and recreational areas that generate noise, light, heat or other forms of pollution.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Industrial or commercial activities and structures generating noise, light, heat or other forms of pollution
type: Concept
notation: F25
definition: Industrial processes (i.e. from industrial production and processing) and structures generating noise, light, heat or other forms of pollution.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Drainage, land reclamation and conversion of wetlands, marshes, bogs, etc. to settlement or recreational areas
type: Concept
notation: F26
definition: Drainage, land reclamation and conversion of wetlands (e.g. marshes, bogs, fens, alluvial habitats) to prepare land for construction of human settlements or for use as recreational areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Drainage, land reclamation or conversion of wetlands, marshes, bogs, etc. to industrial/commercial areas
type: Concept
notation: F27
definition: Drainage, land reclamation and conversion of wetlands (e.g. marshes, bogs, fens, alluvial habitats) to prepare land for construction of industrial/commercial areas.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Modification of flooding regimes, flood protection for residential or recreational development
type: Concept
notation: F28
definition: Activities modifying physical structure and/or hydrological functioning of water bodies triggered by flood protection of urban and recreational zones (e.g. flood protection dams and reservoirs, river impoundments, canalisation, water deviation, removing bank vegetation).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Construction or development of reservoirs and dams for residential or recreational development
type: Concept
notation: F29
definition: Construction, development, use and maintenance of reservoirs and dams for residential or recreational use (e.g. drinking water supply).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Construction or development of reservoirs and dams for industrial or commercial development
type: Concept
notation: F30
definition: Construction, development, use and maintenance of reservoirs and dams for industrial or commercial development and use (e.g. for industrial cooling).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Other modification of hydrological conditions for residential or recreational development
type: Concept
notation: F31
definition: This pressure should be used to address activities related to development and use of housing and recreational areas and structures modifying physical structure and/or hydrological functioning of water bodies which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Other modification of hydrological conditions for industrial or commercial development
type: Concept
notation: F32
definition: This pressure should be used to address activities related to development and use of industrial areas structures modifying physical structure and/or hydrological functioning of water bodies which cannot be directly attributed to specific activities covered by other level 2 pressures.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Abstraction of ground and surface waters (including marine) for public water supply and recreational use
type: Concept
notation: F33
definition: Abstraction from ground and surface waters for public water supply and recreational use (e.g. abstraction of fresh/marine water for swimming pools).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Abstraction of ground and surface waters (including marine) for commercial/industrial use (excluding energy)
type: Concept
notation: F34
definition: Abstraction from ground and surface waters (including marine) for commercial/industrial use (e.g. for industrial cooling or industrial processing).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Marine fish and shellfish harvesting (professional, recreational) causing reduction of species/prey populations and disturbance of species
type: Concept
notation: G01
definition: Professional and recreational marine fishing and shellfish harvesting causing increased mortality, reduction of species and/or prey populations and disturbance to species.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Marine fish and shellfish processing
type: Concept
notation: G02
definition: Activities related to marine fish and shellfish processing like handling the catch, storing, pre-processing and processing, and waste treatment.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Marine fish and shellfish harvesting (professional, recreational) activities causing physical loss and disturbance of seafloor habitats.
type: Concept
notation: G03
definition: Professional and recreational marine fishing and shellfish harvesting activities causing physical loss and disturbance of seafloor habitats (e.g. bottom trawling, benthic dredging).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Marine plant harvesting
type: Concept
notation: G04
definition: Commercial and non-professional harvesting of wild marine macro- and micro-algae .
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Freshwater fish and shellfish harvesting (professional)
type: Concept
notation: G05
definition: Professional freshwater fishing and shellfish harvesting causing increased direct mortality, reduction of species and/or prey populations and disturbance to species.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Freshwater fish and shellfish harvesting (recreational)
type: Concept
notation: G06
definition: Recreational freshwater fishing and shellfish harvesting causing increased direct mortality, reduction of species and/or prey populations and disturbance to species.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Hunting
type: Concept
notation: G07
definition: Hunting causing increased direct mortality, reduction of species and/or prey populations and disturbance to species.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Management of fishing stocks and game
type: Concept
notation: G08
definition: Activities related to management of fishing stocks and game such as stocking or restocking with native fish species (including illegal restocking), management of game population (e.g. control of certain other predators, such as corvids, by gamekeepers), management of game habitat (e.g. burning of heather for Lagopus lagopus), feeding of game, damages due to overabundant game.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Harvesting or collecting of other wild plants and animals (excluding hunting and leisure fishing)
type: Concept
notation: G09
definition: Harvesting or collecting of other wild plants and animals (excluding fish, shellfish and game) for example, honey, fruit or wild mushroom collection, reed cutting/harvesting, orchid collection, butterfly collecting, pillaging of floristic stations.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Illegal shooting/killing
type: Concept
notation: G10
definition: Illegal shooting, killing or collecting of animal species. This includes, for example, illegal killing of game species, illegal taking of fish, illegal collecting of strictly protected animal species. Also includes hunting, capture or killing using methods and forms referred to in the Article 8 of the Birds Directive (e.g. 'indiscriminate' forms of hunting for birds such as snares) or in Article 15 of the Habitats Directive; or the practice of hunting and fishing activities that do not conform to e.g. quotas or seasonal restrictions.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Illegal harvesting, collecting and taking
type: Concept
notation: G11
definition: Illegal harvesting, collecting and taking of plant species (e.g. collecting strictly protected species or illegal taking of other plants species for which harvesting is regulated).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Bycatch and incidental killing (due to fishing and hunting activities)
type: Concept
notation: G12
definition: Bycatch and incidental killing due to fishing and hunting activities (e.g. 'accidentally' shooting of a non-target species, because of similarities with a target species, capture/drowning on long-lines and in fishing nets, entanglement in discarded/lost fishing gear).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Poisoning of animals (excluding lead poisoning)
type: Concept
notation: G13
definition: Deliberate poisoning of animals including the effect of secondary poisoning.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Use of lead ammunition or fishing weights
type: Concept
notation: G14
definition: Poisoning related to the use of lead shots, lead bullet fragments or fishing weights.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Modification of coastal conditions for marine aquaculture
type: Concept
notation: G15
definition: Activities modifying coastal conditions triggered by marine aquaculture (e.g. habitat loss and degradation in coastal areas due to development and installation of infrastructure). Includes changes like changes in sedimentation rates due to operation of facilities and use of equipment and tools (e.g. for harvesting).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Marine aquaculture generating marine pollution
type: Concept
notation: G16
definition: Marine pollution from marine aquaculture (e.g. nutrient input from feeding, pollution due to use of veterinary products or fertilisers or increased concentrations of organic material). Includes pollution by litter.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Introduction and spread of species (including GMOs) in marine aquaculture
type: Concept
notation: G17
definition: Introduction and/or spread of allochthonous species or allochthonous genotypes and of genetically modified organisms in marine aquaculture. It also includes changes in interspecific relations between native wild species induced by marine aquaculture (e.g. changes in sexual behaviour of autochthonous population due to aquaculture, increased food supply for piscivorous species).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Abandonment of marine aquaculture
type: Concept
notation: G18
definition: Abandonment of marine aquaculture.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Other impacts from marine aquaculture, including infrastructure
type: Concept
notation: G19
definition: Other impacts from marine aquaculture and development and use of marine aquaculture facilities and infrastructure (e.g. disturbance due to noise and light from construction or operation of aquaculture farms, disturbance from anti-predator devices).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Abstraction of water, flow diversion, dams and other modifications of hydrological conditions for freshwater aquaculture
type: Concept
notation: G20
definition: Abstraction of water, flow deviation, development and operation of dams and reservoirs and other changes to the physical structure of water bodies or hydrological flow or triggered by freshwater aquaculture.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Freshwater aquaculture generating point source pollution to surface or ground waters
type: Concept
notation: G21
definition: Chemical or biological point pollution to surface or ground waters from freshwater aquaculture (e.g. nutrient input from feeding, pollution due to use of veterinary products or increased concentrations of organic material).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Freshwater aquaculture generating diffuse source pollution to surface or ground waters
type: Concept
notation: G22
definition: Chemical or biological diffuse pollution to surface or ground waters from freshwater aquaculture (e.g. nutrient input from feeding, pollution due to use of veterinary products or increased concentrations of organic material).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Freshwater aquaculture generating marine pollution
type: Concept
notation: G23
definition: Chemical or biological marine pollution from freshwater aquaculture (e.g. nutrient input from feeding, pollution due to use of veterinary products or fertilisers or increased concentrations of organic material).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Introduction and spread of species (including alien species and GMOs) in freshwater aquaculture
type: Concept
notation: G24
definition: Introduction and/or spread of allochthonous species or allochthonous genotypes and of genetically modified organisms in freshwater aquaculture. It also includes changes in interspecific relationships between native wild species introduced by aquaculture (e.g. an increase of piscivorous fishes due to aquaculture practices that would exert added pressure on endangered amphibians, increase in food supply for native fish populations).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Abandonment of freshwater aquaculture
type: Concept
notation: G25
definition: Abandonment of freshwater aquaculture.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Other impacts from freshwater aquaculture, including infrastructure
type: Concept
notation: G26
definition: Other impacts from freshwater aquaculture and development and use of freshwater aquaculture facilities and infrastructure (e.g. disturbance due to noise and light from construction or operation of aquaculture farms).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Other activities related to extraction and cultivation of biological living resources not referred to above
type: Concept
notation: G27
definition: Other activities related to extraction and cultivation of biological living resources not referred to above.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Military, paramilitary or police exercises and operations on land
type: Concept
notation: H01
definition: Military, paramilitary or police infrastructure, exercises and operations on land (excluding military bases in urbanised areas). Includes, for example, munitions testing, restricted access to military training areas, military manoeuvres).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Military, paramilitary or police exercises and operations in the freshwater and marine environment
type: Concept
notation: H02
definition: Military, paramilitary or police infrastructure, exercises and operations in the freshwater and marine environment (e.g. collisions with vessels, disturbance by sonar from military vessels).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Abandonment of terrestrial military or similar exercises (loss of open habitats)
type: Concept
notation: H03
definition: Abandonment of terrestrial military or similar exercises (e.g. natural successions on open habitats due to cessation of military activities).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Vandalism or arson
type: Concept
notation: H04
definition: Vandalism or arson, including for example larger scale wildfires initiated by arson.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Tree surgery, felling/removal of roadside trees and vegetation for public safety
type: Concept
notation: H05
definition: Tree surgery, felling or removal of roadside trees and vegetation on the grounds of public safety (including interventions classified as public safety issue).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Closure or restricted access to site/habitat
type: Concept
notation: H06
definition: Closure or restricted access to sites, like fencing of open sites, closure of caves, natural galleries and other types of restricted access to a habitat or site related to protection of private property and human safety.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Intrusive and destructive research and monitoring activities
type: Concept
notation: H07
definition: Applied (intrusive) destructive research. Includes for example collection of animals/plants for scientific purposes.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Other human intrusions and disturbance not mentioned above
type: Concept
notation: H08
definition: Other human intrusions and disturbance not mentioned above (e.g. illegal dumping).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Invasive alien species of Union concern
type: Concept
notation: I01
definition: Problems related to invasive alien species of Union concern (under Regulation (EU) No 1143/2014) (e.g. clogging of aquatic habitats by Eichhornia crassipes,predation of adults and chicks/eggs by Myocastor coypus, Nyctereutes procyonoides and Procyon lotor, browsing of understorey habitats by Muntiacus reevesi, competition for food with Procambarus clarkii,hybridisation with Oxyura jamaicensis).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Other invasive alien species (other then species of Union concern)
type: Concept
notation: I02
definition: Problems related to other 'invasive' alien species (any species introduced in modern period that is established in the wild outside its natural range and whose introduction and/or spread represent a threat or a potential threat to habitats and species, regardless of the invasive population dynamics) other than invasive alien species of Union concern (under Regulation (EU) No 1143/2014), for which code I01 should be used) (e.g. predation of adults and chicks/eggs by Genetta genetta, Neovison vison, Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus, loss of (native) prey species owing to competition with Crassostrea gigas,decline in the quality of native vegetation owing to spread of invasive plant species (e.g. Amorpha fruticosa and Hedychium gardnerianum),overgrowing of alluvial and lowland humid habitats with invasive plants (e.g. Solidago gigantea, S. canadensis, Aster lanceolatus, A. novi-belgii, Fallopia japonica, F. sachaliensis and Impatiens glandulifera)).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

DO NOT USE Other alien species (not invasive)
type: Concept
notation: I03
definition: This code should not be used for new entries. It has been restored for technical reason.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Problematic native species
type: Concept
notation: I04
definition: Harmful plants, animals, that are originally found within the ecosystem(s) in question, but have become out-of-balance directly or indirectly due to human activities. It includes, for example, problems with feral native animals (e.g. cats, dog); overabundant algae due to loss of native grazing fish; predation of adults, fledglings and chicks/eggs by Mus musculus, native Mustela spp., Sus scrofa, Vulpes vulpes and domestic/feral Felis catus; interbreeding with feral Columba livia. This pressure should be used if problems with native species cannot be associated with other more specific drivers/pressures (e.g. when problems with native species can be associated with multiple human activities or more precise activities are unknown).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Plant and animal diseases, pathogens and pests
type: Concept
notation: I05
definition: Problems related to plant and animal diseases, pathogens and pests (including insect and nematode pests) like plague affecting rodents or diseases such as those caused by Clostridium botulinum (avian botulism) and Trichomonas gallinae (trichomoniasis).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Mixed source pollution to surface and ground waters (limnic and terrestrial)
type: Concept
notation: J01
definition: Mixed source pollution to surface and ground waters. Pollution should only be reported under this category when the key driver of the pollution is unclear or where pollution is related to several causes. (e.g. river eutrophication can be related to several direct and indirect sources like sewage, agricultural and industrial discharges, diffuse pollution from agriculture, decreased retention of alluvial vegetation due to inadequate management). Where a key sectoral driver can be identified, pollution should be reported under the corresponding sectoral pollution category.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Mixed source marine water pollution (marine and coastal)
type: Concept
notation: J02
definition: Mixed source marine water pollution (marine and coastal). Pollution should only be reported under this category when the key driver of the pollution is unclear or where pollution is related to several causes (e.g. marine pollution by hydrocarbons can be related to several sources, like industrial discharges, water and land based transport operation, pollution, transport and exploitation accidents). Where a key sectoral driver can be identified, pollution should be reported under the corresponding sectoral pollution category.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Mixed source air pollution, air-borne pollutants
type: Concept
notation: J03
definition: Mixed source air pollution, air-borne pollutants. Pollution should only be reported under this category when the key driver of the pollution is unclear or where pollution is related to several causes (e.g. source of pollutants for acid rain is usually a mix of emissions from vehicles, power plants etc.). Where a key sectoral driver can be identified, pollution should be reported under the corresponding sectoral pollution category.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Mixed source soil pollution and solid waste (excluding discharges)
type: Concept
notation: J04
definition: Mixed source soil pollution and solid waste (excluding discharges). Pollution should only be reported under this category when the key driver of the pollution is unclear or where pollution is related to several causes. Where a key sectoral driver can be identified, pollution should be reported under the corresponding sectoral pollution category.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Mixed source excess energy
type: Concept
notation: J05
definition: Mixed source excess energy. Pollution should only be reported under this category when the key driver of the pollution is unclear or where pollution is related to several causes. Where a key sectoral driver can be identified, pollution should be reported under the corresponding sectoral pollution category.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Abstraction from groundwater, surface water or mixed water
type: Concept
notation: K01
definition: Abstractions from groundwater, surface water or mixed water should only be reported under this category when the key driver of the change is unclear or where these changes are related to several causes. Where a key sectoral driver(s) can be identified, the pressure/threat should be reported under the corresponding sectoral category.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Drainage
type: Concept
notation: K02
definition: Drainage including landfill, land reclamation and drying out should only be reported under this category when the key driver of the change is unclear or where these changes are related to several causes. Where a key sectoral driver(s) can be identified, the pressure/threat should be reported under the corresponding sectoral category.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Development and operation of dams
type: Concept
notation: K03
definition: Development and operation of dams should only be reported under this category when the key driver of the change is unclear or where these changes are related to several causes. Where a key sectoral driver(s) can be identified, the pressure/threat should be reported under the corresponding sectoral category.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Modification of hydrological flow
type: Concept
notation: K04
definition: Modification of hydrological flow should only be reported under this category when the key driver of the change is unclear or where these changes are related to several causes. Where a key sectoral driver can be identified, the pressure/threat should be reported under the corresponding sectoral category. Includes, for example, modification of flooding regimes or cutting of aquatic and bank vegetation to improve water flow.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Physical alteration of water bodies
type: Concept
notation: K05
definition: Physical alteration of water bodies should only be reported under this category when the key driver of the change is unclear or where these changes are related to several causes. Where a key sectoral driver(s) can be identified, the pressure/threat should be reported under the corresponding sectoral category. Includes, for example, removal of sediments, canalisation and water deviation.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Abiotic natural processes (e.g. erosion, silting up, drying out, submersion, salinization)
type: Concept
notation: L01
definition: Abiotic natural processes (e.g. natural erosion in areas with naturally low vegetation cover). Includes natural abiotic processes only. The abiotic processes resulting from human activities or the abandonment of human activities should be reported under the appropriate pressures, for example, silting up as a result of erosion due to wood transport should be coded as B16 Wood transport.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Natural succession resulting in species composition change (other than by direct changes of agricultural or forestry practices)
type: Concept
notation: L02
definition: Changes in a species composition due to natural succession (e.g. primary succession related to natural siltation of lakes or succession after natural disturbances). Includes natural succession only. Spontaneous succession following the abandonment of farming practices is to be coded using appropriate codes under the category A - Agriculture. Spontaneous succession following the abandonment of traditional forest practices is to be coded using respective codes under the category F - Forestry.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Accumulation of organic material
type: Concept
notation: L03
definition: Accumulation of organic material. Includes natural processes accumulation of organic material only (e.g. peat formation) .
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Natural processes of eutrophication or acidification
type: Concept
notation: L04
definition: Natural processes of eutrophication or acidification (e.g. natural eutrophication of lakes or natural eutrophication due to natural drying out of peatlands in areas with insufficient precipitation rate). Includes natural processes of acidification or eutrophication only. Eutrophication resulting directly or indirectly from human activities should be reported under the appropriate pressures, for example, eutrophication due to the anthropogenic input of nitrogen should be reported under A20 or eutrophication due to drainage of fens or peatlands should be reported under codes that capture drainage, for example A31.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Reduced fecundity / genetic depression (e.g. inbreeding or endogamy)
type: Concept
notation: L05
definition: Reduced fecundity and/or genetic depression resulting from e.g. inbreeding or endogamy. This pressure should be used for genetic depression in naturally small and/or isolated populations but also in populations which declined and/or became isolated in the past (excluding recent past) due to anthropogenic pressures.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Interspecific relations (competition, predation, parasitism, pathogens)
type: Concept
notation: L06
definition: Interspecific relations (competition, predation, parasitism, pathogens). Includes natural relations (not induced by human activities) like plant pest damages (e.g. infection of seeds, like mildew infection, rust infection etc.), animal pest damages (e.g. damage to the plants reproductive organs by invertebrates, parasites) or native plants hybridization with other plants. Changes in interspecific relationships resulting from human activities should be reported under respective pressures for example I04 or G08.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Absence or reduction of interspecific faunal and floral relations (e.g. pollinators)
type: Concept
notation: L07
definition: Absence or reduction of interspecific relations (e.g. lack of pollinators or lack of prey). Includes absence or reduction of interspecific relations due to natural reasons (e.g. lack of prey due to spread of diseases).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Volcanic activity
type: Concept
notation: M01
definition: Volcanic activity.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Tidal waves, tsunamis
type: Concept
notation: M02
definition: Tidal waves, tsunamis. Includes geologically caused tidal waves/tsunamis.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Earthquake
type: Concept
notation: M03
definition: Earthquakes.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Avalanche (snow)
type: Concept
notation: M04
definition: Avalanche (snow). Includes avalanches which are not triggered by human activities, such as off piste skiing.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Collapse of terrain, landslide
type: Concept
notation: M05
definition: Collapses of terrain, landslides.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Underground collapses (natural processes)
type: Concept
notation: M06
definition: Underground collapses (natural processes).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Storm, cyclone
type: Concept
notation: M07
definition: Storm, cyclone. Direct impact of storm or cyclone such as loss of clutches/broods of coastal-nesting species during storm surges, at-sea mortality ('wrecks') of seabirds during winter storms, damage to nests during high winds, direct impacts of heavy rain.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Flooding (natural processes)
type: Concept
notation: M08
definition: Natural flooding causing e.g. loss of nests of species nesting on the ground or in emergent vegetation along rivers, in marshes and low-lying areas such as floodplains; reduced access to food resources in these areas during prolonged flooding.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Fire (natural)
type: Concept
notation: M09
definition: Natural fires (e.g. natural forest fires).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Other natural catastrophes
type: Concept
notation: M10
definition: Other natural catastrophes.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Temperature changes (e.g. rise of temperature & extremes) due to climate change
type: Concept
notation: N01
definition: Periods in which temperatures exceed or go below the normal range of variation. Includes, for example, heat waves, cold spells, oceanic temperature changes, disappearance of glaciers/sea ice.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Droughts and decreases in precipitation due to climate change
type: Concept
notation: N02
definition: Periods in which rainfall falls below the normal range of variation. Includes, for example, severe lack of rain, loss of surface water sources.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Increases or changes in precipitation due to climate change
type: Concept
notation: N03
definition: Increased precipitation due to climate change. Also includes increased quantity and intensity of storms.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Sea-level and wave exposure changes due to climate change
type: Concept
notation: N04
definition: Sea-level and wave exposure changes due to climate change.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Change of habitat location, size, and / or quality due to climate change
type: Concept
notation: N05
definition: Change of habitat location, size, and / or quality due to climate change (e.g. changes in pH or ocean acidification).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Desynchronisation of biological / ecological processes due to climate change
type: Concept
notation: N06
definition: Desynchronisation of biological / ecological processes due to climate change.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Decline or extinction of related species (e.g. food source / prey, predator / parasite, symbiote, etc.) due to climate change
type: Concept
notation: N07
definition: Decline or extinction of related species (e.g. food source / prey, predator / parasite, symbiote, etc.) due to climate change.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Change of species distribution (natural newcomers) due to climate change
type: Concept
notation: N08
definition: Change of species distribution (natural newcomers) due to climate change.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Other climate related changes in abiotic conditions
type: Concept
notation: N09
definition: Other climate related changes in abiotic conditions e.g. water flow changes (limnic, tidal and oceanic) due to climate change.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Unknown pressure
type: Concept
notation: Xu
definition: Pressure is acting, but not possible to clearly identify.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

No pressures
type: Concept
notation: Xxp
definition: There are no proven pressures.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

No threats
type: Concept
notation: Xxt
definition: There are no predicted threats.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

No information on pressures
type: Concept
notation: Xp
definition: No data on pressures.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

No information on threats
type: Concept
notation: Xt
definition: No data on threats.
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Threats and pressures from outside the EU territory
type: Concept
notation: Xe
definition: Threats and pressures from outside the EU territory (for the Article 17 reporting only).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures

Threats and pressures from outside the Member State
type: Concept
notation: Xo
definition: Threats and pressures from outside the Member State (for the Article 17 reporting only).
status: valid
status modified: 2018-05-18
accepted date: 2018-05-18
in scheme: Threats and pressures